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John Foster - The Nature of Perception

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John Foster The Nature of Perception
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John Foster addresses the question: what is it to perceive a physical object? He rejects the view that we perceive such objects directly, and argues for a new version of the traditional empiricist account, which locates the immediate objects of perception in the mind. But this account seems to imply that we do not perceive physical objects at all. Foster offers a surprising solution, which involves embracing an idealist view of the physical world.

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Foster John Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy Brasenose College Oxford The - photo 1
Foster, John Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy, Brasenose College, Oxford
The Nature of Perception
Publication date 2000 (this edition)
Print ISBN-10: 0-19-823769-3
Print ISBN-13: 978-0-19-823769-3
doi:10.1093/0198237693.001.0001
Abstract: Within the framework of a realist view of the physical world, there are two general theories of the nature of perception. The first is strong direct realism (SDR). This accepts a realist view of the physical world, and claims that our perceptual access to this world is psychologically direct. The second is the broad representative theory (BRT). This too accepts a realist view of the world, but claims that perceptual contact with physical items is always psychologically mediated, i.e. it is constituted by the combination of the subject's being in a more fundamental psychological state, which is not in itself physical-item perceptive, and certain additional facts. SDR cannot provide a satisfactory account of the phenomenal content of perception and how such content features in the securing of perceptual contact. BRT cannot explain how we can have genuine perceptual access to the physical world at all. In the face of this dilemma, the only way of providing a satisfactory account of perception is by abandoning the assumption of physical realism and adopting an idealist view of the physical world. This view can, in any case, be established as correct by independent arguments.
Keywords: direct realism,John Foster,idealism,mediation,perception,perceptual experience,phenomenal content,phenomenal experience,philosophy of mind,philosophy of psychology,physical world,qualia,realism,representation
The Nature of Perception
end p.i
end p.ii
The Nature of Perception
Picture 2
end p.iii
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp
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John Foster 2000
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First published 2000
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ISBN 0-19-823769-3
end p.iv
To Rachel, Gerard, Richard, and Alice
end p.v
end p.vi
Contents
Part One
The Reshaping of the Issue
The Traditional Issue
The Two Interpretations
SDR and BRT
Part Two
An Examination of Strong Direct Realism
The Issue Before Us
The Causal Argument
Contact and Content
The Presentational View
The Internalist View
Conclusion
Part Three
The Mediating Psychological State
Introduction
The Cognitive Theory
The Imagist Proposal
The Nature of the Secondary Qualities
The Sense-Datum Theory
The Adverbialist Alternative
The Sense-Datum Theory Revised
Part Four
The Problem of Perception
Introduction
The Emergence of the Problem
An Argument from Analogy
A Deepening of the Problem
Taking Stock
end p.vii
Part Five
The Idealist Solution
The New Option
An Argument for Idealism
The Unfinished Story
Bibliography
Index
end p.viii
Abstract: Let us provisionally assume a realist view of the physical world, which takes the world to be mind-independent and metaphysically fundamental. Within the framework of this assumption, there are two general theories of the nature of perception. Let us say that a subject -terminally perceives a certain physical item if and only if he perceives that item, and there is no other physical item such that his perceiving of this second item mediates his perceiving of the first. Then one of the two theories endorses a realist view of the physical world, and claims that, when someone -terminally perceives a physical item, his perceptual contact with that item is something psychologically fundamental. I call this 'strong direct realism' (SDR). The other theory also endorses a realist view of the world. But its claim is that, whenever someone perceives a physical item (and even when the perceiving of this item is -terminal), his perceptual contact with it is psychologically mediated, i.e. it is constituted by the combination of his being in some more fundamental psychological state, which is not in itself physical-item perceptive, and certain additional facts that do not involve anything further about his current psychological condition. I call this the 'broad representative theory' (BRT). The first issue we face, then, is: which of these two theories should we accept?
Keywords: direct realism,mediation,mind-independent,perception,physical world,realism,representation
Part One The Reshaping of the Issue
1 The Traditional Issue
What is the nature of perceptionthe sensory perception of items in the physical world by human subjects?
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