Stephen G. Fritz - Endkampf: Soldiers, Civilians, and the Death of the Third Reich
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At the end of World War II, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, fearing that retreating Germans would consolidate large numbers of troops in an Alpine stronghold and from there conduct a protracted guerilla war, turned U.S. forces toward the heart of Franconia, ordering them to cut off and destroy German units before they could reach the Alps. Opposing this advance was a conglomeration of German forces headed by SS-Gruppenfhrer Max Simon, a committed National Socialist who advocated merciless resistance. Under the direction of officers schooled in harsh combat in Russia, the Germans succeeded in bringing the American advance to a grinding halt.
Caught in the middle were the people of Franconia. Historians have accorded little mention to this period of violence and terror, but it provides insight into the chaotic nature of life while the Nazi regime was crumbling. Neither German civilians nor foreign refugees acted simply as passive victims caught between two fronts. Throughout the region people pressured local authorities to end the senseless resistance and sought revenge for their tribulations in the liberation that followed.
Stephen G. Fritz examines the predicament and outlook of American GIs, German soldiers and officials, and the civilian population caught in the arduous fighting during the waning days of World War II. Endkampf is a gripping portrait of the collapse of a society and how it affected those involved, whether they were soldiers or civilians, victors or vanquished, perpetrators or victims.
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ENDKAMPF
Soldiers, Civilians, and the Death
of the Third Reich
STEPHEN G. FRITZ
Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Copyright 2004 by The University Press of Kentucky
Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.
All rights reserved.
Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky
663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008
www.kentuckypress.com
05 06 07 08 5 4 3 2
Maps by Julia Swanson
Every effort has been made to acquire permission to reproduce the illustrations in this book.
Any error or omission brought to the authors attention will be corrected.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fritz, Stephen G., 1949-Endkampf: soldiers, civilians, and the death of the Third Reich / Stephen G. Fritz.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8131-2325-9 (alk. paper)
1. World War, 1939-1945CampaignsGermanyFranconia.
2. World War, 1939-1945Social aspectsGermany. 3. Franconia
(Germany)History20th century. I. Title.
D757.9.F68F75 2004
940.53433dc22
2004010763
This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Manufactured in the United States of America
| AD | Armored Division |
| AIB | Armored Infantry Battalion |
| AJC | American Jewish Committee |
| Alpenfestung | Alpine Fortress (national redoubt) |
| Ami | American (German slang) |
| Armeekorps | German army corps |
| BaStAM | Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Mnchen (Bavarian State Archives, Munich) |
| BdM | Bund deutscher Mdel (League of German Girls) |
| Bezirksamt | local government district office |
| CAD | Civil Affairs Division |
| Cav Rcnz Sq | Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron |
| CC | Combat Command |
| CIC | Counter Intelligence Corps |
| DP | displaced person |
| Edelweiss Piraten | Edelweiss Pirates (dissident youth gangs) |
| FO | Forward Observer (artillery) |
| Freikorps | German paramilitary groups |
| G-2 | Intelligence section (U.S. Army) |
| Gauleiter | Nazi Party regional leader |
| Gebirgsdivision | mountain division |
| Gebirgsjger | German mountain troops |
| Gestapo | Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police) |
| GI | government issue (American infantryman) |
| HJ | Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) |
| ID | Infantry Division |
| IR | Infantry Regiment |
| Jabos | Jagdbomber (fighter-bombers) |
| JDC | (Jewish) Joint Distribution Committee |
| JIC | Joint Intelligence Committee (for SHAEF) |
| Kampfgruppe | ad hoc German battle group |
| Kraft durch Freude | Strength through Joy (Nazi organization) |
| Kreisleiter | Nazi Party district leader |
| Landkreis | county |
| Landser | German infantryman |
| LKA | Landeskirchliches Archiv Nrnberg (State Church Archives, Nuremberg) |
| LRA | Landratsamt (district administrative office) |
| MG | Military Government |
| NA | U.S. National Archives (College Park, Md.) |
| Nibelungentreue | blind loyalty |
| NSDAP | Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party) |
| OMGBY | Office of Military Government for Bavaria |
| OMGUS | Office of Military Government for the United States |
| OKW | Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces High Command) |
| Organization Todt | German engineering/construction unit |
| Ortsgruppenleiter | Nazi Party local leader |
| OSS | Office of Strategic Services |
| Panzerfaust | one-shot antitank weapon |
| Panzergrenadier | armored infantry |
| Panzergrenadier Division | armored infantry division |
| Panzerkampfgruppe | armored battle group |
| PWD | Psychological Warfare Division, U.S. Army |
| Pz | Panzer (tank, armored) |
| RAD | Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service) |
| Regierung | government |
| Regierungsprsident | chief administrator of a region |
| Reichstag | parliament |
| RG | Record Group |
| ROB | Reserve Officers Battalion |
| RSHA | Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) |
| SA | Sturmabteilung (Storm Troopers) |
| SD | Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service, part of the RSHA) |
| SHAEF | Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force |
| Sicherheitspolizei | security police |
| Spruchkammer | denazification court |
| SS | Schutzstaffel (elite Nazi troops) |
| StAN | Staatsarchiv Nrnberg (Bavarian State Archives, Nuremberg) |
| Tiefflieger | low-flying fighter-bombers |
| Tk Bn | Tank Battalion |
| UNRRA | United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency |
| USFET | United States Forces European Theater |
| VGD | Volksgrenadier Division |
| Volk | people, nation |
| vlkisch | national, populist |
| Volksgem einschaft | national community, peoples community |
| Volkssturm | peoples storm (German national militia) |
| Waffen-SS | armed or combat SS |
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