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Christopher Williams - Origins of Form The Shape of Natural and Man-made Things

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Origins of Form is about the shape of things. What limits the height of a tree? Why is a large ship or office building more efficient than a small one? What is the similarity between a human rib cage and an airplane or a bison and a cantilevered bridge? How might we plan for things to improve as they are used instead of wearing out? The author has chosen eight criteria that constitute the major influences on three-dimensional form. These criteria comprise the eight chapters of the book: each looks at form from entirely different viewpoints. The products of both nature and man are examined and compared. This book will make readersespecially those who design and buildaware of their physical environment and how to break away from previously held assumptions and indifference about the ways forms in our human environment have evolved. It shows better ways to do things. The authors practical, no-nonsense approach and his exquisite drawings, done especially for this volume, provide a clear understanding of what can and cannot be how big or small an object should be, of what material it will be made, how its function will relate to its design, how its use will change it, and what laws will influence its development. The facts and information were gathered from many sources: the areas of mechanics, structure, and materials geology, biology, anthropology, paleobiology, morphology and others. These are standard facts in these areas of specialization, but they are also essential to the designers overall knowledge and understanding of form. The result is an invaluable work for students, designers, architects, and planners, and an informed introduction to a fascinating subject for laymen.

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Picture 1BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 FORM AND MATTER

Bierlein, John C. The Journal Bearing, Scientific American, (July 1975) Vol. 233, No. 1, p. 50.

Cameron, A. Basic Lubrication Theory. London: Longman Press, 1971.

Gamow, George. One, Two, Three, Infinity, Facts and Speculations of Science. New York: The New American Library, 1947.

Hansen, Jans Jurgen (ed.). Architecture in Wood, trans. Janet Seligman. New York: Viking Press, 1971.

Hitchcock, H. In the Nature of Materials. New York: Sloan, 1942.

Hoffman, Branesh. The Strange Story of the Quantum. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1958.

Hsiung Li, Wen, and Lai Lam Sau. Principles of Fluid Mechanics. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1964.

Landon, J.W. Examples in the Theory of Structure.London: Cambridge University Press, 1932.

Wulff, John (ed.). The Structure and Properties of Materials (4 Vols.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966.

2 STRUTS AND TIES

Beresford, Evans J. Form in Engineering Design. London: Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1954.

Goss, Charles Mayo (ed.) Grays Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1959.

Gray, J. Studies in Animal Locomotion, The Propulsive Powers of the Dolphin, The Journal of Experimental Biology. Vol. 13, No. 2 (1936), pp. 192-199.

Griffin, Donald R. et. al. Readings from Scientific American, Animal Engineering. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1974.

Hammond, Rolt. The Forth Bridge and Its Builders. Covent Gardens, England: Eyre and Spottiswoode Ltd., 1964.

Lawrence, J. Fogel. Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1963.

Museum of Modem Art, The. The Architecture of Bridges. New York: The Museum of Modem Art, 1949.

Nervi, Pier Luigi. Structures and Designs, trans. Giuseppina and Mario Salvadori. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.

Roland, Conrad. Frei Otto: Structures. London: Longman Press, 1970.

Salvadori, M. and R. Heller. Structure in Architecture. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1965.

Seigel, Curt. Structure and Form in Modern Architecture. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1962.

Torroja, E. Philosophy of Structures. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958.

Whitney, Charles S. Bridges, a Study of Their Art, Science and Evolution. New York: Rudge, 1929.

3 SIZE

Bland, John. Forests of Lilliput: The Realm of Mosses and Lichens. New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1971.

Conel, J. LeRoy. Life as Revealed by the Microscope, an Interpretation of Evolution. New York: Philosophical Library, 1969

Curtis, Helena. The Marvelous Animals. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press, 1968.

Gluck, Irvin. Optics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1964.

Soleri, Paolo. Sketchbook of Paolo Soleri. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1971.

4 THE FORMS OF FUNCTION

Doblin, Jay. One Hundred Great Product Designs. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1970.

Greenough, Horatio. Form and Function. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1957.

Pye, David. The Nature of Design. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1964.

Rand, Paul. Thoughts on Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1970.

Royce, Joseph. Surface Anatomy. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co., 1973.

5 THE GENERATIONS

Barnett, Homer G. Personal Conflicts and Cultural Change, Social Force, Vol. 20, (Dec. 1941), pp. 160-171.

Derry, T., and Trevor I. Williams. A Short History of Technology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Goodman, W.L. The History of Woodworking Tools. New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1964.

Gould, Stephen Jay. The Pandas Thumb. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1980.

King, Franklin Hiram. Farmers of Forty Centuries. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1973.

Oakley, Kenneth P. Man the Tool Maker, 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

Sagan, Carl. The Dragons of Eden. New York: Random House, 1977.

Soulard, Robert. A History of the Machine. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1963.

Usher, A. P. A History of Mechanical Inventions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954.

6 THE ECOPHENOTYPIC EFFECT

Ballentyne, D. and D.R. Lovell. A Dictionary of Named Effects and Laws in Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics. London: Chapman & Hall, 1920.

Ferebee, Ann. A History of Design From the Victorian Era to the Present. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1970.

Reynolds, John. Windmills and Watermills. New York: Praeger, 1970.

Rudofski, Bernard. Architecture Without Architects. New York: Doubleday, 1964.

Spicer, E.H. Human Problems in Technological Change. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1952.

7 TELEOLOGY

Bager, Bertel. Nature as Designer, trans. Albert Read. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1966.

Bates, Marston. The Forest and the Sea, the Economy of Nature and Man. New York: Vintage Books, 1960.

Feininger, A. Anatomy of Nature. New York: Crown, 1956.

Honda, Hisao, and Jack B. Fisher. Tree Branch Angle: Maximizing Effective Leaf Area, Science Magazine (24 February 1978), Vol. 199, pp. 888-890.

Huntley, H.E. The Divine Proportion. New York: Dover Publications, 1970.

Jenny, Hans. Cymatics. Basel: Basilius Presse, 1967.

McMahon, Thomas. The Mechanical Design of Trees, Scientific American, (July 1975), Vol. 233, No. 1, pp. 92.

Noble, J. Purposive Evolution. New York: Henry Holt Co., 1926.

Ritchie, J. Design in Nature. New York: Scribners, 1937.

Schneer, C.J. Search For Order. New York: Harper, 1960.

Schwenk, Theodor. Sensitive Chaos. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1965.

Sinnott, Edmund W. The Problems of Organic Form. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963.

Stevens, Peters. Patterns in Nature. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1947.

Strache, W. Forms and Patterns in Nature. New York: Pantheon, 1956.

Weizsacker, C.F. The History of Nature. Chicago: Phoenix, 1949.

Weyl, Hermann. Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.

8 CHANCE AND THE IRRATIONAL

Baum, Robert J. Philosophy and Mathematics. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Co.,

King, Amy, and Cecil Read. Pathways to Probability. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1965.

Mandelbrot, Benoit B. Fractals, Form, Chance, and Dimension. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1977.

Spaulding, Gleasson. A World of Chance. New York: MacMillan and Co.

Young, Norwood. Fortuna, Chance and Design. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1928.

Schopf, Thomas M. (ed.). Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, and Co., 1972.

MULTIPLE CHAPTERS

Beebe, C.W. The Bird, Its Form and Function. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1906. (2, 7)

Borrego, John. Space Grids Structures. Cambridge, Mass: The M.I.T. Press, 1968. (2, 7)

Boys, C.V. Soap Bubbles. New York: Dover Pub., Inc., 1959. (2, 7)

Critchlow, Keith. Order in Space. New York: The Viking Press, 1969. (2, 7)

Giedion, Siegfried. Mechanization Takes Command. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948. (4, 5, 6)

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