Charles Kenneth Leith - The Economic Aspect of Geology
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HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
| CHAPTER | PAGE |
| INTRODUCTION | 1 |
| Survey of Field | |
| Economic applications of the several branches of geology and of other sciences | |
| Mineralogy and petrology | |
| Stratigraphy and paleontology | |
| Structural geology | |
| Physiography | |
| Rock alterations or metamorphism | |
| Application of other sciences | |
| Treatment of the subject in this volume | |
| THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS | 13 |
| Relative abundance of the principal elements of the lithosphere | |
| Relative abundance of the principal minerals of the lithosphere | |
| Relative abundance of the principal rocks of the lithosphere | |
| Water (hydrosphere) | |
| Soils and clays | |
| Comparison of lists of most abundant rocks and minerals with commercial rocks and minerals | |
| The origin of common rocks and minerals | |
| Igneous processes | |
| Igneous after-effects | |
| Weathering of igneous rocks and veins | |
| Sedimentary processes | |
| Weathering of sedimentary rocks | |
| Consolidation, cementation, and other sub-surface alterations of rocks | |
| Cementation | |
| Dynamic and contact metamorphism | |
| The metamorphic cycle as an aid in studying mineral deposits | |
| SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS | 29 |
| Various methods of classification | |
| Names | |
| Mineral deposits as magmatic segregations in igneous rocks | |
| Mineral deposits within and adjacent to igneous rocks, which were formed immediately after the cooling and crystallization of the magmas through the agency of hot magmatic solutions | |
| Evidence of igneous source | |
| Possible influence of meteoric waters in deposition of ores of this class | |
| Zonal arrangement of minerals related to igneous rocks | |
| The relation of contact metamorphism to ore bodies of the foregoing class | |
| Secondary concentration in place of the foregoing classes of mineral deposits through the agency of surface solutions | |
| Residual mineral deposits formed by the weathering of igneous rocks in place | |
| Mineral deposits formed directly as placers and sediments | |
| Mechanically deposited minerals | |
| Chemically and organically deposited minerals | |
| Sedimentary mineral deposits which have required further concentration to make them commercially available | |
| Anamorphism of mineral deposits | |
| Conclusion | |
| MINERAL RESOURCESSOME GENERAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 60 |
| World annual production of minerals in short tons | |
| World annual production of minerals in terms of value | |
| Significance of geographic distribution of mineral production | |
| The increasing rate of production | |
| Capital value of world mineral reserves | |
| Political and commercial control of mineral resources | |
| Reserves of mineral resources | |
| WATER AS A MINERAL RESOURCE | 67 |
| General geologic relations | |
| Distribution of underground water | |
| Movement of underground water | |
| Wells and springs | |
| Composition of underground waters | |
| Relation of geology to underground water supply | |
| Surface water supplies | |
| Underground and surface waters in relation to excavation and construction | |
| THE COMMON ROCKS AND SOILS AS MINERAL RESOURCES | 80 |
| Economic features of the common rocks | |
| Granite | |
| Basalt and related types | |
| Limestone, marl, chalk | |
| Marble | |
| Sand, sandstone, quartzite (and quartz) | |
| "Sand and gravel" | |
| Clay, shale, slate | |
| The feldspars | |
| Hydraulic cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements) | |
| Geologic features of the common rocks | |
| Building stone | |
| Crushed stone | |
| Stone for metallurgical purpposes | |
| Clay | |
| Limitations of geologic field in commercial investigation of common rocks | |
| Soils as a mineral resource | |
| Origin of soils | |
| Composition of soils and plant growth | |
| Use of geology in soil study | |
| THE FERTILIZER GROUP OF MINERALS | 99 |
| General comments | |
| Nitrates | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Phosphates | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Pyrite | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Sulphur | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Potash | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| THE ENERGY RESOURCESCOAL, OIL, GAS (AND ASPHALT) | 115 |
| Coal | |
| Economic features | |
| World production and trade | |
| Production in the United States | |
| Coke | |
| Classification of coals | |
| Geologic features | |
| Petroleum | |
| Economic ffeatures | |
| Production and reserves | |
| Methods of estimating reserves | |
| Classes of oils | |
| Conservation of oil | |
| Geologic features | |
| Organic theory of origin | |
| Effect of differential pressures and folding on oil genesis and migration | |
| Inorganic theory of origin | |
| Oil exploration | |
| Oil shales | |
| Natural gas | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Asphalt and bitumen | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| MINERALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL (THE FERRO-ALLOY GROUP) | 154 |
| General features | |
| Iron ores | |
| Economic features | |
| Technical and commercial factors determining use of iron ore materials | |
| Geographic distribution of iron ore production | |
| World reserves and future production of iron ore | |
| Geologic features | |
| Sedimentary iron ores | |
| Iron ores associated with igneous rocks | |
| Iron ores due to weathering of igneous rocks | |
| Iron ores due to weathering of sulphide ores | |
| Manganese ores | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Chrome (or chromite) ores | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Nickel ores | |
| Economic features | |
| Geologic features | |
| Tungsten (wolfram) ores | |
| Economic features |
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