Don Harris - Human Performance on the Flight Deck

HUMAN PERFORMANCE ON THE FLIGHT DECK

DON HARRIS
HFI Solutions Ltd, UK

ASHGATE

Don Harris 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

Don Harris has asserted his moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Harris, Don, 1961

Human performance on the flight deck.
1. Aeronautics--Human factors. 2. Aeronautics--Safety
measures. 3. Aviation psychology. 4. Flight crews-
Training of. 5. Airplanes--Cockpits--Design and
construction.
I. Title
629.1300289-dc22

ISBN: 978-1-4094-2339-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-4094-2338-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-4094-2340-9 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-4094-8675-6 (ebk-ePUB)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Harris, Don, 1961

Human performance on the flight deck / by Don Harris.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4094-2339-3 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-2338-6 (pbk) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-2340-9
(ebook) 1. Airplanes--Cockpits. 2. Aeronautics--Human factors. I. Title.

TL681.C6H36 2011
629.13252--dc22

2011009034

Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group, UK

PART ONE
THE SCIENCE BASE

PART TWO
THE (HU)MAN

PART THREE
THE MACHINE

PART FOUR
THE MANAGEMENT

) back into the organisation to identify the generic failure types

From: Harris, D. and Smith, F.J. (1997). What Can Be Done Versus What Should Be Done: A Critical Evaluation of the Transfer of Human Engineering Solutions between Application Domains. In: D. Harris (ed.) Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (Volume 1) (pp. 33946). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Adapted from: Wickens, C.D., Lee, J.D., Liu, Y. and Gordon Becker, S.E. (2004). An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering (2nd Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education; and Baddeley, A.D. (2000). The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of Working Memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 41723.

Adapted from: Roscoe, A.H. (1984). Assessing Pilot Workload in Flight. Flight Test Techniques. In, Proceedings of the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (Conference Proceedings No. 373): Flight Test Techniques. Neuilly-sur-Seine: AGARD/NATO.

Adapted from: Hart, S.G. and Staveland, L.E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research. In: P.A. Hancock and N. Meshkati (eds) Human Mental Workload (pp. 13983). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

From: Young, M.S. and Stanton, N.A. (2001). Size Matters: The Role of Attentional Capacity in Explaining the Effects of Mental Underload on Performance. In: D. Harris (ed.) Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (Volume 5) (pp. 35764). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Adapted from: Endsley, M.R. (1995). Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems. Human Factors, 37, 3264.

Adapted from: Orasanu, J. (1993). Decision Making in the Cockpit. In, E.L. Wiener, B.G. Kanki and R.L. Helmreich (eds) Cockpit Resource Management (pp. 13772). San Diego CA: Academic Press.

From: Jenkins, D.P., Stanton, N.A., Salmon, P.M. and Walker, G.H. (2008). Decision Making Training for Synthetic Environments: Using the Decision Ladder to Extract Specifications for Synthetic Environments Design and Evaluation. (HFIDTC/2/WP4.6.2/2). Yeovil: Aerosystems International/HFI-DTC.

From: Reason, J.T. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

From: Helmreich, R.L., Klinect, J.R. and Wilhelm, J.A. (1999). Models of Threat, Error, and CRM in Flight Operations. In: R.S. Jensen (ed.) Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 67782). Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.

Photograph courtesy of Peter Jorna.

From: Gundel, A, Marsalek, K. and ten Thoren, C. (2005). Support of Mission and Work Scheduling by a Biomedical Fatigue Model. In, Strategies to Maintain Combat Readiness during Extended Deployments A Human Systems Approach (pp. 281-2812). Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-HFM-124, Paper 28. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: NATO/OTAN.

Figure courtesy of Thomas Haslwanter.

From: Harris, D. (2004). Head-Down Flight Deck Display Design. In: D. Harris (ed.) Human Factors for Civil Flight Deck Design (pp. 69102). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

From: Harris, D. (2004). Head-Down Flight Deck Display Design. In: D. Harris (ed.) Human Factors for Civil Flight Deck Design (pp. 69102). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

(reproduced under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2).

From: Kelly, B.D. (2004). Flight Deck Design and Integration for Commercial Transports. In: D. Harris (ed.) Human Factors for Civil Flight Deck Design (pp. 331). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Photograph courtesy of Telstar Logistics. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license).

, Section 105 of the US Code.

From, Billings, C.E. (1997). Flight Deck Automation (p. 36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Adapted from: Baron, S. (1988). Pilot Control. In: E.L. Weiner and D.C. Nagel (eds) Human Factors in Aviation (pp. 34785). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

From: Field, E. (2004). Handling Qualities and Their Implications for Flight Deck Design. In: D. Harris (ed.) Human Factors for Civil Flight Deck Design (pp. 15781). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

From: Field, E. (2004). Handling Qualities and Their Implications for Flight Deck Design. In: D. Harris (ed.) Human Factors for Civil Flight Deck Design (pp. 15781). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate; adapted from: McRuer, D.T. (1982). Pitfalls and Progress in Advanced Flight Control Systems (AGARD CP-321). Neuilly-sur-Seine: AGARD/NATO.

From: Field, E. and Harris, D. (1998). The Implications of the Deletion of the Cross-Cockpit Control Linkage in Fly-By-Wire Aircraft: A Communication Analysis. Ergonomics, 41, 146277.

Adapted from: Sheridan, T.B. (1987). Supervisory Control. In: G. Salvendy (ed.) Handbook of Human Factors (1st edition) (pp. 124368). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

From: Shneiderman, B. (1992). Designing the User Interface (2nd edition) (p. 101). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley..

From: Helmreich, R.L. and Schaefer, H.G. (1994). Team Performance in the Operating Room. In: M. Bogner (ed.) Human Error in Medicine (p.228). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates..

Performance and Systems Safety Considerations in Aviation Mishaps. International Journal of Aviation Psychology,