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Henry David Thoreau - The Essays of Henry D. Thoreau

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Henry David Thoreau The Essays of Henry D. Thoreau

The Essays of Henry D. Thoreau: summary, description and annotation

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Thoreaus major essays annotated and introduced by one of our most vital intellectuals.

With The Essays of Henry D. Thoreau, Lewis Hyde gathers thirteen of Thoreaus finest short prose works and, for the first time in 150 years, presents them fully annotated and arranged in the order of their composition. This definitive edition includes Thoreaus most famous essays, Civil Disobedience and Walking, along with lesser-known masterpieces such as Wild Apples, The Last Days of John Brown, and an account of his 1846 journey into the Maine wilderness to climb Mount Katahdin, an essay that ends on a unique note of sublimity and terror.

Hyde diverges from the long-standing and dubious editorial custom of separating Thoreaus politics from his interest in nature, a division that has always obscured the ways in which the two are constantly entwined. Natural History of Massachusetts begins not with fish and birds but with a dismissal of the political world, and Slavery in Massachusetts ends with a meditation on the water lilies blooming on the Concord River.

Thoreaus ideal reader was expected to be well versed in Greek and Latin, poetry and travel narrative, and politically engaged in current affairs. Hydes detailed annotations clarify many of Thoreaus references and re-create the contemporary context wherein the nations westward expansion was bringing to a head the racial tensions that would result in the Civil War.

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Table of Contents This collection began as a result of a Thoreau - photo 1
Table of Contents



This collection began as a result of a Thoreau seminar I taught at Kenyon College in which my students and I struggled with the odd fact that there was, in the late 1990s, no easily available edition of Thoreaus essays. To the degree that this volume solves that problem I am first of all indebted to those students, especially to the many who, as I was putting the book together, helped me learn what details in Thoreau need annotation for modern readers. Two students, Burke Hilsabeck and Abbi Russal, also signed on as research assistants to help me outside the classroom; several of their discoveries are preserved here.
Once I got going, I discovered that Bradley P. Dean, then working at the Thoreau Institute in Lincoln, Massachusetts, had done considerable work toward a similar collection. Rather than duplicate my efforts, Brad kindly decided to concentrate his energies on an edition of Thoreaus Indian Notebooks and to share with me the work he had done on the essays. I am deeply grateful for that collaboration; Brad helped me fill in many gaps and saved me from many errors.
Robert D. Richardsons intellectual biography of Thoreau and Stephen B. Oatess biography of John Brown were key sources throughout my project. Larry Rosenwald clarified many of the obscurities in Civil Disobedience and led me into the scholarship. Albert Von Franks The Trials of Anthony Burns was an immense help in illuminating the background of Slavery in Massachusetts, and Dr. Von Frank himself cordially responded to a draft of my notes on that essay.
Im grateful to the Henry Luce Foundation, which supported my position at Kenyon College for many years, and to the MacDowell Colony where I spent a happy month writing the early drafts of the introduction.
I am indebted as well to Jeffrey Cramer, the librarian at the Thoreau Institute, and to Leslie Wilson, the curator of special collections at the Concord Free Public Library. The classicist Danielle Freedman helped me check some of Thoreaus Greek and Latin sources. Both Brian Donahue and David Foster took a crack at a few of Thoreaus more obscure remarks about New England farming. J. Parker Huber and Joseph Moldenhauer each solved some puzzles pertaining to Ktaadn. Larry Rosenwald, Taylor Stoehr, Sacvan Bercovitch, Larry Buell, and Ethan Nosowsky read drafts of my introduction, and the final version benefits greatly from their comments. Once that version was done, Patsy Vigderman told me just what I needed to hear.
ANNOTATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX




NATURAL HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS
In January 1842, both Thoreaus brother, John, and Emersons young son, Waldo, died, throwing Thoreau into several months of depression and inactivity. In April, in Boston, Emerson came upon a set of scientific reports, each four hundred or five hundred pages long, about the flora and fauna of Massachusetts, and he asked Thoreau to review them for the new transcendentalist journal The Dial. Thoreau soon had a draft essay, and in the July 1842 issue of The Dial this review appeared. As Robert D. Richardson, Jr., writes: By one of those little ironies that make life harder to believe than fiction, Thoreau had been writing in his journal on the two days before John [died] about how books of natural history restored one to a sense of health.
3 Audubon : John James Audubon (1785-1851), American naturalist, ornithologist, and artist. His five-volume Ornithological Biography, published between 1832 and 1839, mixes descriptions of American birds with anecdotes about his life and adventures. Volume 1 (1832) includes descriptions of the magnolia, the cottonwood tree, and the migrations of the ricebird. Volume 2 (1835) has two accounts of a visit to the Florida Keys.
3 rice-bird: the bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
3 Within the circuit: Thoreaus own poems, such as this one, appear in his work without quotation marks; poems by other writers appear in quotation marks.
3n Reports : Each of these was published agreeably to an Order of the Legislature, by the Commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. They are:
David Humphreys Storer, Reports on the Fishes, Reptiles, and Birds of Massachusetts (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1839).
Chester Dewey, Report on the Herbaceous Flowering Plants of Massachusetts, and on the Quadrupeds of Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass.: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston, 1840).
Thaddeus William Harris, A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts, Injurious to Vegetation (Cambridge, Mass.: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston, 1841).
Augustus A. Gould, Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Comprising the Mollusca, Crustacea, Annelida, and Radiata (Cambridge, Mass.: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston, 1841).
4 Johnswort: Saint-Johns-wort. The common variety in New England is Hypericum perforatum, an herb with bright-yellow flowers.
4 mead: meadow.
4 fieldfare : British name of the European thrush Turdus pilaris.
4 hoar: white with frost.
4 service-berries: fruit of the shadbush, or serviceberry, a bush of the genus Amelanchier that flowers very early in the spring.
4 Labrador and East Main: sites in northern Canada. Labrador is the northeastern coast of what is now Newfoundland. East Main (or Eastmain) is a town on James Bay in northwestern Quebec, the oldest of the Hudsons Bay Company posts.
4 wots: knows; is aware.
4 Great Pine Forest: or Great Pine Swamp, now Penn Forest in Carbon County, Pennsylvania. It is a site often mentioned by Audubon, who once had a cabin there.
4 Mohawk: a river in New York State.
4 Sing-Sing: a town on the Hudson River in New York; now Ossining.
4 Sullivans Island: on the north side of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Usually spelled Sullivans Island.
5 life-everlasting: a flower of the genus Gnaphalium.
5 Great Slave Lake: a three-hundred-mile-long lake in northern Canada that empties into the Mackenzie River.
5 Esquimaux: French spelling of Eskimo.
5 hyla: the spring peeper, a small brown tree frog, Hyla crucifer.
5 cupboard: clock case.
6 Thales: Greek philosopher (625?-546? B.C.) who gained fame for his knowledge of astronomy. He is said to have predicted a solar eclipse in 585 B.C.
6 Linnaeus: Carolus Linnaeus, the Latin pen name of Carl von Linn (1707-1778), Swedish naturalist and creator of the Latin binomial nomenclature by which living things are classified in terms of genus and species.
6 Russian campaign: In 1805 and 1806 Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Russian army in a series of battles.
6 harvest-fly: the cicada. In the United States the dog day harvest-fly is Cicada tibicen.
6 Anacreon: Greek lyric poet (570?-485? B.C.) known for short, urbane poems on love and wine. Thoreau translated a group of Anacreons poems from the Greek, two of them appearing here and the rest in The Dial , April 1843.
6 We pronounce thee: Thoreaus version of a poem by Anacreon.
7 death-watch: common name of a number of small beetles that bore into old wood and make a clicking sound, supposed to be an omen of death.
7 snowbird: the junco, the common snowbird in the United States being Junco hiemalis .
8 Teian poet: Anacreon, who was born in Teos, a city on the western coast of Asia Minor north of Ephesus. The poem following, Return of Spring, is Thoreaus version of another poem by Anacreon.
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