Mayo Clinic - Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
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- Book:Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
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Published by Time Home Entertainment Inc.
1271 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher, except for brief quotations in connection with reviews written specifically for inclusion in magazines or newspapers, or limited excerpts strictly for personal use.
2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
ISBN-13: 978-0-8487-4696-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015933141
Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide is intended to supplement the advice of your personal physician, whom you should consult regarding individual medical conditions. The information in the book is general and is offered with no guarantees on the part of the author or publisher. The author and publisher disclaim all liability in connection with the use of this book. We do not endorse any company or product.
MAYO, MAYO CLINIC, and the Mayo triple-shield logo are marks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
We welcome your comments and suggestions about Time Home Entertainment books. Please write to Time Home Entertainment books, Attention: Book Editors, P.O. Box 11016, Des Moines, IA 50336-1016.
For bulk sales to employers, member groups and health-related companies, contact Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, or send an email to the following address: .
Printed in the United States of America
Photo credits
cover Mayo Clinic 2015 and Getty Images 183872857/ BBA_051R EyeWire, Inc.
MAYO CLINIC
Medical Editor
Scott C. Litin, M.D.
Associate Medical Editor
Sanjeev Nanda, M.D.
Senior Editor
Karen R. Wallevand
Editorial Director
Paula Marlow Limbeck
Product Manager
Christopher C. Frye
Medical Illustration
David J. Cheney, John V. Hagen, Michael A. King,
Brenda S. Lindsay, James Postier
Proofreaders
Miranda M. Attlesey, Alison K. Baker, Julie M. Maas
Indexer
Steve Rath
Administrative Assistant
Beverly J. Steele
TIME HOME ENTERTAINMENT INC.
Publisher
Margot Schupf
Vice President, Finance
Vandana Patel
Executive Director, Marketing Services
Carol Pittard
Publishing Director
Megan Pearlman
Associate General Counsel
Simone Procas
Senior Manager, Business Development & Partnerships
Nina Fleishman Reed
OXMOOR HOUSE
Editorial Director
Anja Schmidt
Creative Director
Felicity Keane
Art Director
Christopher Rhoads
Executive Photography Director
Iain Bagwell
Executive Food Director
Grace Parisi
Senior Editor
Andrea C. Kirkland, R.D.
Managing Editor
Elizabeth Tyler Austin
Assistant Managing Editor
Jeanne de Lathouder
Special thanks to Greg A. Amason, Allyson Angle, Melissa Brown, AnnaMaria Jacob, Anna Ramia, Susan Chodakiewicz, Amy Mangus
INTRODUCTION
Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide is designed to be a handy, easy-to-understand medical reference to help guide your everyday health care decisions. Organized alphabetically, it provides clear descriptions and graphic information on more than 100 common medical conditions. The book is based on the expertise of many Mayo Clinic health professionals and the advice they give their patients day in and day out.
In the pages that follow, youll find guidance on everything from prevention to treatment. The information provided isnt a substitute for seeing a doctor. Rather, the intent of this book is to help you understand various diseases and conditions so that you can communicate effectively with your doctor and the two of you can work together to manage your health.
Scott C. Litin, M.D., (right) is a practicing general internist at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., and a professor of medicine at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. He has served in numerous leadership and editorial positions, including editor in chief of the Mayo Clinic Family Health Book . Dr. Litin has been recognized with many Mayo Clinic honors and awards, including Distinguished Clinician, Outstanding Faculty Member and Distinguished Educator.
Sanjeev Nanda, M.D., (left) is a consultant in general internal medicine at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., and an instructor at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Dr. Nanda has a broad interest in medicine with particular interest in preventive health.
Table of contents
A
Acne
WHAT IS IT? Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. Acne most commonly appears on your face, neck, chest, back and shoulders. Acne lesions heal slowly, and when one begins to resolve, others seem to crop up.
The good news is effective treatments are available. The earlier treatment is started, the lower your risk of lasting damage.
WHATS THE CAUSE? Three factors contribute to the formation of acne:
Overproduction of oil (sebum)
Irregular shedding of dead skin cells
Buildup of bacteria
An oily substance known as sebum lubricates your hair and skin. It travels up along the hair shafts and then out through the openings of the hair follicles onto the surface of your skin. When your body produces an excess amount of sebum and dead skin cells, the two can build up in the hair follicles and form together as a soft plug.
This plug may cause the follicle wall to bulge and produce a whitehead. Or the plug may open to the surface and darken, causing a blackhead. Pimples are raised red spots with white centers. They develop when blocked follicles become inflamed or infected. Block-ages and inflammation that develop inside hair follicles may produce lumps near the skin surface (nodules) or deep in the follicle (cysts).
Acne develops when sebum, an oily substance that lubricates your hair and skin, and dead skin cells plug hair follicles. Bacteria can trigger inflammation and infection resulting in more-severe acne.
Risk factors
Factors that can trigger or aggravate acne include:
Hormones. During puberty, hormones increase and cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and make more oil. Pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives also can affect sebum production.
Certain medications. Drugs containing corticosteroids, androgens or lithium are known to cause acne.
Diet. Dairy products and carbohydrate-rich foods, such as bread and chips, which increase blood sugar, may trigger acne.
Greasy or oily substances. Contact with some cosmetics or lotions may trigger or worsen acne.
Family history. Youre at increased risk if your parents had acne.
Friction or pressure. This includes pressure on the skin from items such as cellphones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks.
Stress. Stress doesnt cause acne, but it may worsen acne.
TREATMENT Acne treatments work by reducing oil production, speeding up skin cell turnover, fighting bacterial infection, reducing inflammation or doing all four. It may take a while to see results, and your skin may get worse before it gets better.
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