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Martin J. Finkelstein - The Faculty Factor: Reassessing the American Academy in a Turbulent Era

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Martin J. Finkelstein The Faculty Factor: Reassessing the American Academy in a Turbulent Era

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Over the past 70 years, the American university has become the global gold standard of excellence in research and graduate education. The unprecedented surge of federal research support of the postWorld War II American university paralleled the steady strengthening of the American academic profession itself, which managed to attract the best and brightest educators from around the world while expanding the influence of the faculty factor throughout the academic realm. But in the past two decades, escalating costs and intensifying demands for efficiency have resulted in a wholesale reshaping of the academic workforce, one marked by skyrocketing numbers of contingent faculty members.

Extending Jack H. Schuster and Martin J. Finkelsteins richly detailed classic The American Faculty: The Restructuring of Academic Work and Careers, this important book documents the transformation of the American facultyhistorically the leading global source of Nobel laureates and innovationinto a diversified and internally stratified professional workforce. Drawing on heretofore unpublished data, the book provides the most comprehensive contemporary depiction of the changing nature of academic work and what it means to be a college or university faculty member in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The rare higher education study to incorporate multinational perspectives by comparing the status and prospects of American faculty to teachers in the major developing economies of Europe and East Asia, The Faculty Factor also explores the redistribution of academic work and the ever-more diverse pathways for entering into, maneuvering through, and exiting from academic careers.

Using the tools of sociology, anthropology, and demography, the book charts the impact of waves of technological change, mass globalization, and the severe financial constraints of the last decade to show the impact on the lives and careers of those who teach in higher education. The authors propose strategic policy recommendations to extend the strengths of American higher education to retain leadership in the global economy. Written for professors, adjuncts, graduate students, and academic, political, business, and not-for-profit leaders, this data-rich study offers a balanced assessment of the risks and opportunities posed for the American faculty by economic, market-driven forces beyond their control.

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The Faculty Factor

The Faculty Factor

Reassessing the American Academy in a Turbulent Era

MARTIN J. FINKELSTEIN, VALERIE MARTIN CONLEY, JACK H. SCHUSTER

With the assistance of Ryan P. Hudes and Wendiann R. Sethi

Johns Hopkins University Press

BALTIMORE

2016 Johns Hopkins University Press

All rights reserved. Published 2016

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Johns Hopkins University Press

2715 North Charles Street

Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363

www.press.jhu.edu

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Finkelstein, Martin J., 1949- author. | Conley, Valerie M., author. | Schuster, Jack H., author.

Title: The faculty factor : reassessing the American academy in a turbulent era / Martin J. Finkelstein, Valerie Martin Conley, Jack H. Schuster.

Description: Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016005162| ISBN 9781421420929 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781421420936 (electronic) | ISBN 1421420929 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 1421420937 (electronic)

Subjects: LCSH: Universities and collegesUnited StatesFaculty. | College teachersUnited States. | College teachingUnited States. | Educational changeUnited States. | Education, HigherAims and objectivesUnited States.

Classification: LCC LB2331.72 .F563 2016 | DDC 378.1/2dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016005162

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410 -- 6936 or specialsales@press.jhu.edu.

Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible.

Contents

Tables and Figures

TABLES

Number of postsecondary institutions, by type and control of institution, 19792013

Enrollment in postsecondary education, by type and control of institution, 19792013

Percentage distribution of female and male faculty, by appointment type, 1993, 2003, 2013

Ratio of male to female faculty, by type and control of institution and appointment type, 1993, 2003, 2013

Number and percentage distribution of female and male faculty by race/ethnicity and appointment type, 1993, 2003, 2013

Ratio of white to underrepresented racial minority faculty by type and control of institution, and appointment type, 1993, 2003, 2013

Percentage distribution of female faculty by race/ethnicity, and appointment type, 1993, 2003, 2013

Number and percentage distribution of foreign-born faculty, by academic field and citizenship status, 19932013

Percentage of newly entering full-time and part-time faculty holding the PhD degree, by type of institution, academic field, gender, and appointment type, Fall 2003

Employment status of new faculty at career entry, by highest degree and institution sector, Fall 2003

Sector of initial employment of new PhD recipients with definite employment commitments, by gender, 19902013

Selected characteristics of faculty with and without the PhD, Fall 2003

Selected characteristics of PhD recipients whose first academic job is part-time, by academic field, Fall 2003

Selected characteristics of PhD recipients whose first academic job is at a two-year college, Fall 2003

Selected characteristics of non-PhD faculty whose first job is at a four-year versus two-year institution, Fall 2003

Selected characteristics of non-PhD faculty whose first job is at a four-year institution, by academic field and employment status, Fall 2003

Employment sector at career entry of new PhD recipients, by gender and cohort, 1993, 2003, 2010 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Appointment type at career entry of new PhD recipients entering higher education employment by gender and age cohort, 1993, 2003, 2010 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Early mobility across appointment types of new PhD recipients entering higher education employment, by gender and age cohort, 1993, 2003, 2010 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Early migration of new PhD recipients into and out of higher education employment, by gender and age cohort, 1993, 2003, 2010 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Early changes in employer, employment, and tenure status of new entrants in both two-year and four-year institutions by highest degree and gender, Fall 2003

Early changes in employer, employment, and tenure status of new entrants in both two-year and four-year institutions, by highest degree and institution type, Fall 2003

Early changes in employer, employment, and tenure status of new entrants in both two-year and four-year institutions by highest degree and academic field, PhD recipients, Fall 2003

Early changes in employer, employment, and tenure status of new entrants in both two-year and four-year institutions, by highest degree and academic field, non-PhD recipients, Fall 2003

Early employment and tenure status outcomes for new entrants who did and did not change jobs, by highest degree, Fall 2003

Changes in employers, employment, and tenure status of faculty, by highest degree and gender, Fall 2003

Selected characteristics of full-time faculty who reported various patterns of prior employment and tenure statuses, Fall 2003

Faculty mobility across employment and tenure statuses, by highest degree, Fall 2003

Percentage of PhD recipients employed in higher education reporting changes in employment or tenure status or both over a ten-year period, by gender and career stage, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Selected characteristics of PhD recipients employed in higher education reporting changes in employment status over a ten-year period, by career stage, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Selected characteristics of PhD recipients employed in higher education reporting changes in tenure status over a ten-year period by career stage, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Mean years to associate professor rank and to tenure for full-time faculty, by gender, type of institution, academic field, highest degree, and career stage, Fall 2003

Percentage of PhD recipients employed in higher education achieving tenure at three points in time over a decade, by career stage and gender, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Mean years to full professor rank for full-time faculty, by gender, type of institution, academic field, highest degree, and career stage, Fall 2003

Percentage of PhD recipients employed in higher education achieving full professor rank at three points in time over a decade, by career stage and gender, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Percentage of PhD recipients migrating from higher education to other nonacademic employment over a decade, by career stage and gender, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Percentage of PhD recipients migrating from higher education to other nonacademic employment, by career stage and appointment type, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Destination of PhD recipients out-migrating from higher education, by career stage and gender, 1993 and 2003 (Survey of Doctorate Recipients cohorts)

Percentage distribution of tenure status and gender, by type of institution and birth cohort, Fall 2003

Percentage distribution of tenure status and gender, by academic field and birth cohort, Fall 2003

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