Gerald L. Smith - The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia

The Kentucky
African American
Encyclopedia

Edited by
Gerald L. Smith, Karen Cotton McDaniel,
and John A. Hardin

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Copyright 2015 by The University Press of Kentucky

Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth,
serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre
College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University,
The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College,
Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University,
Morehead State University, Murray State University,
Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University,
University of Kentucky, University of Louisville,
and Western Kentucky University.
All rights reserved.

Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky
663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008
www.kentuckypress.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Kentucky African American encyclopedia / edited by
Gerald L. Smith, Karen Cotton McDaniel, and John A. Hardin.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8131-6065-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-8131-6066-5 (pdf)ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2 (epub)
1. African AmericansKentuckyEncyclopedias. I. Smith, Gerald L., 1959 editor. II. McDaniel, Karen Cotton, 1950 editor. III. Hardin, John A., 1948, editor.
E185.93.K3K46 2015
920.0092960769dc23
2015014610

This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting
the requirements of the American National Standard
for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

A THOMAS D. CLARK MEDALLION BOOK

The Thomas D. Clark Medallion was established to honor the memory and contributions of Dr. Thomas Dionysius Clark (19032005). A beloved teacher, prolific author, resolute activist, and enthusiastic advocate of publications about Kentucky and the region, Dr. Clark helped establish the University of Kentucky Press in 1943, which was reorganized in 1969 as the University Press of Kentucky, the state-mandated scholarly publisher for the commonwealth. The Clark Medallion is awarded annually to one University Press of Kentucky publication that achieves Dr. Clarks high standards of excellence and addresses his wide breadth of interests about the state. Winners of the Thomas D. Clark Medallion are selected by the Board of Directors of the Thomas D. Clark Foundation Inc., a private nonprofit organization established in 1994 to provide financial support for the publication of vital books about Kentucky and the region.

Sallie L. Powell, Associate Editor
Aimee Briley
Dana Caldemeyer
Chris Chance
Kelcey Eldridge
Joshua D. Farrington
Erin Wiggins Gilliam
Shannon Guerrant
Elizabeth Hagee
Anthony Hartsfield Jr.
Evangeline Johnson
David Lai
Stephen Pickering
Jeremy Ridgeway
Elizabeth Schaller
Theda Wigglesworth

University of Kentucky, Office of the President, Lee Todd

University of Kentucky, Office of the Provost, Kumble R. Subbaswamy

University of Kentucky Graduate School, Jeannine Blackwell

University of Kentucky, College of Arts and Sciences, Mark Kornbluh

University of Kentucky Libraries, Carol Pitts Diedrichs and Terry Birdwhistell

University of Louisville, College of Arts and Sciences, J. Blaine Hudson

Helen Howard Hughes

Thomas Brumley

Don and Mira Ball Charitable Fund

Tubby Smith Foundation

Western Kentucky University

Eastern Kentucky University

Berea College

Centre College

Northern Kentucky University

Morehead State University

Transylvania University

Mark Neikirk

Connie Goodman

John and Lee Carroll

Nana Lampton

Orme Wilson

Sherry Jelsma

Melanie Kilpatrick

Bill Giles

Martha Johnson

Mike and Kit Hammons

Stan MacDonald

Virginia Fox

Bennie Ivory

Alice Stevens Sparks

Myra Leigh Tobin

Jane Beshear

Mark Davis

Aloma Dew

Warren Rosenthal

First Baptist Church, Lancaster

Kentucky American Water

Kevin and Jaquata Sykes

Richard and Oloroma Fowler

Viola Gross

Alpha Beta Lambda Chapter Education Foundation

Audrey Rooney

R. P. Formisano

Robert and Sandra Ireland

Sue Speed

James and Freda Klotter

Lexington Herald-Leader

Greensburg Green County Civic Club

James Host

John Kleber

John Merchant

Kenneth Roberts

Lila Rankin

Mary Hughes

Richard Weigel

Senator Georgia Powers

William and Deatra Newell

William and Janet Marshall

Francie Chassen-Lopez

Allan Rhodes Sr.

Beaumont Middle School

Betty Gabehart

Country Clubbers

Cynthia Lyons

Jackson and Carol Bennett

Jimmy and Lois Tevis

Juanita Laurie

Kentucky Historical Society Foundation

Lee Worful

Morning Star Baptist Church

Ellen Furlough

Taylor Chapel AME Church

Gary W. and Wanda P. Brown

Mollie M. Bradley

Susan L. F. Isaacs

Paul L. Whalen

Mark Russell

Antioch Missionary Baptist Church

Carol Crowe-Carraco

Vicky Miller

Ruby Wilkins Doyle

Benjamin Luntz

Eric James

Anne S. Butler

UK Office of Undergraduate Research, Bessie Guerrant

GOLD Community Fund

Adams, Luther

Amadife, Nkechi

Anders, Tisa M.

Anyanwu, Ogechi

Bartlett, Jennifer

Bash, Lee

Baskin, Andrew

Belue, Ted Franklin

Bogert, Brenda K.

Bogert, Cornelius

Bogert, Pen

Boyd, Douglas A.

Bradshaw, Dan

Brock, Peggy M.

Bryant, Jessica

Bulluck, Debra

Burch, John R., Jr.

Burnside, Jackie

Butler, Anne S.

Caldemeyer, Dana

Carraco, Carol Crowe

Christianson, Eric Howard

Claiborne, Karen

Clark, Aaron

Clark, Holly Jones