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Mounk - The Great Experiment : Why Diverse Democracies Fall Apart and How They Can Endure

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Mounk The Great Experiment : Why Diverse Democracies Fall Apart and How They Can Endure
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From one of our sharpest and most important political thinkers, a brilliant big-picture vision of the greatest challenge of our timehow to bridge the bitter divides within diverse democracies enough for them to remain stable and functionalSome democracies are highly homogeneous. Others have long maintained a brutal racial or religious hierarchy, with some groups dominating and exploiting others. Never in history has a democracy succeeded in being both diverse and equal, treating members of many different ethnic or religious groups fairly. And yet achieving that goal is now central to the democratic project in countries around the world. It is, Yascha Mounk argues, the greatest experiment of our time.Drawing on history, social psychology, and comparative politics, Mounk examines how diverse societies have long suffered from the ills of domination, fragmentation, or structured anarchy. So it is hardly surprising that most people are now deeply pessimistic that different groups might be able to integrate in harmony, celebrating their differences without essentializing them. But Mounk shows us that the past can offer crucial insights for how to do better in the future. There is real reason for hope.It is up to us and the institutions we build whether different groups will come to see each other as enemies or friends, as strangers or compatriots. To make diverse democracies endure, and even thrive, we need to create a world in which our ascriptive identities come to matter lessnot because we ignore the injustices that still characterize the United States and so many other countries around the world, but because we have succeeded in addressing them.The Great Experiment is that rare book that offers both a profound understanding of an urgent problem and genuine hope for our human capacity to solve it. As Mounk contends, giving up on the prospects of building fair and thriving diverse democracies is simply not an optionand that is why we must strive to realize a more ambitious vision for the future of our societies.

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Also by Yascha Mounk The People vs Democracy The Age of Responsibility - photo 1
Also by Yascha Mounk

The People vs. Democracy

The Age of Responsibility

Stranger in My Own Country

PENGUIN PRESS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC penguinrandomhousecom - photo 2

PENGUIN PRESS

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

penguinrandomhouse.com

Copyright 2022 by Yascha Mounk

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

English translation of Desaparecido by Manu Chao by Yascha Mounk.

Translated by permission of Manu Chao.

library of congress cataloging-in-publication data

Names: Mounk, Yascha, 1982 author.

Title: The great experiment : why diverse democracies fall apart and how they can endure / Yascha Mounk.

Description: New York : Penguin Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021058139 (print) | LCCN 2021058140 (ebook) |

ISBN 9780593296813 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780593296820 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Democracy. | Cultural pluralismPolitical aspects.

Classification: LCC JC423 .M7387 2022 (print) | LCC JC423 (ebook) | DDC 321.8dc23/eng/20220206

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021058139

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021058140

Cover design by Ben Denzer

Designed by Alexis Farabaugh, adapted for ebook by Shayan Saalabi

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, including special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal of international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces that produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most important foreign policy topics; and providing up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, www.cfr.org.

The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional positions on policy issues and has no affiliation with the U.S. government. All views expressed in its publications and on its website are the sole responsibility of the author or authors.

pid_prh_6.0_139725640_c0_r0

To Friendship

(personal and civic)

Contents
INTRODUCTION

A moment before the show went live, I realized how nervous I was.

German is my mother tongue. But after going to college in Britain and grad school in America, I am now more comfortable talking about politics in English. So when I sat down for a live interview with Tagesthemen, one of the most popular news programs in Germany, I was afraid that I might make a fool of myself by sounding incoherent or saying something I didnt really mean.

When the host set me up to talk about some of the main arguments in my latest bookWhat, she asked, are the causes for the recent rise of authoritarian populism?I started to find my groove. Little by little, my nerves steadied.

There is widespread anger at economic stagnation, I said. There is the rise of social media, which makes it easier for demagogues to reach a big audience by spreading lies and inciting hatred. And then there is a third reason, one that is particularly pertinent in a country still grappling with the recent arrival of a million refugees from Africa and the Middle East.

We are, I told the host, embarking on a historically unique experimentthat of turning a monoethnic and monocultural democracy into a multiethnic one. That can work. I think it will work. But of course it also causes all kinds of disruptions.

After the interview, a wave of relief washed over me. My German had mostly sounded natural. I had managed to get across some of the core arguments from my book. Most important, I had not done anything crazy or embarrassing. The worst outcome of any live interviewthat you inadvertently go viralhad not, I thought, materialized.

I headed to the railway station with a big smile. With not a minute to spare, I caught a train to Frankfurt, checked into an airport hotel, and fell into a deep sleep.


Only when I switched on my phone the next evening, after a ten-hour flight back to the United States, did I realize that the interview had gone viral after all. My inbox was overflowing with angry messages: Stop telling us how to live!! one said. How dare you experiment on us?! another asked. Thanks for admitting to your vile conspiracy, a third read.

I was taken aback by how vitriolic these messages were. But I was even more baffled by their content. To what conspiracy had I admitted? Who was I supposedly experimenting on?

A search of the internet quickly supplied the answer. A few minutes after my interview, Tichys Einblick, a far-right website, had posted an article implying that Angela Merkel and I were deliberately experimenting on the German people. Who agreed to this experiment? its author demanded to know.

From this short post, the rage at my supposed admission had spread with astonishing speed. Far-right radio hosts, YouTubers, even elected politicians were citing the interview as proof that nefarious forces were undertaking a great replacement designed to annihilate Europes native population.

Finally, the word reached The Daily Stormer, an American neo-Nazi website. Putting my name in triple brackets to indicate that I am Jewish, the headline warned readers about (((Yascha Mounk)))s Unique Historical Experiment. Invoking Arbeit Macht Frei , the perfidious inscription on the gate to the Auschwitz extermination camp, the article was tagged: Diversity Macht FreiThe Hebrew People Are at It Again.


In one sense, my fifteen minutes of fame among the far right and the five minutes of hate they elicited are based on a straightforward misunderstanding. To state the obvious, Angela Merkel and I are not in cahoots to run some grand experiment on the German people. Nobody is. The rapid change in the ethnic and religious composition of countries from Germany to Sweden, and from Australia to the United States, does not stem from the deliberate preferences of some secret cabal; it is the oft-unintended consequence of a series of choices that politicians have made for a variety of economic, political, and humanitarian reasons.

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