DK - Super Simple Chemistry: The Ultimate Bitesize Study Guide

Senior editor Mani Ramaswamy Senior art editor Michelle Staples Project editors Francesco Piscitelli, Bharti Bedi US editors Jenny Wilson, Lori Hand Project art editors Jessica T apolcai, Mary Sandberg, Heena Sharma Designer Sifat F atima Design assistant Lauren Quinn CGI artist Adam Brackenbury Illustrator Gus Scott Managing editor Lisa Gillespie Managing art editor Owen Pe yton Jones Producer, preproduction Andy Hilliard Senior producer Meskerem Berhane Jacket designer Akiko Kato Jackets design development manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre Art director Karen Self Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Authors Nigel Saunders, Kat Day, Iain Brand, Anna Claybourne Consultants Ian Stanbridge, Emily Wren, J ohn Firth, Douglas Stuar t First American Edition, 2020 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadwa y, Suite 801, New Y ork, NY 10018 Copyright 2020 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Pe nguin Random House LLC 20 21 22 23 24 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001315038May/2020 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no par t of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-9323-1 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. Fo r details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New Y ork, NY SpecialSales@dk.com Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk .com Established in 1846, the Smithsonian is the worlds largest museum and research complex, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the ar ts, sciences, and history. It includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological P ark. Th e total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonians collection is estimated at 154 million.

THE UL TI MA TE BITESIZE S TUDY G UIDE

Contents The Scientic Method How Science Wo rks Scientic Issues Scientic Risk Val idity Experiment Va riables Safe Experiments Equipment Planning Experiments Organizing Data Math and Science Units of Measurement Charts and Graphs Conclusions Errors and Uncertainty Evaluations Basic Chemistry Atoms History of the Atom Electron Shells Electronic Structure Elements Isotopes Mixtures Compounds For mulas Deducing F ormulas Equations Balancing Equations Purity For mulations Dissolving Grinding Solubility Calculating solubility Chromatography Filtration Evaporation Crystallization Simple Distillation Fractional Distillation In the Laboratory

Elements The P eriodic T able Histor y of the P eriodic T able Hydrogen Metals Group 1 Physical Properties Group 1 Chemical Properties Group 2 Group 3 Tran sition Metals Lanthanides Actinides Carbon Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 0 Structure and Bonding Ions Ionic Bonding Ions and the P eriodic T able Dot and Cross Diagrams Ionic Structures Ionic Properties Covalent Bonding Representing Covalent Bonds Simple Molecules Properties of Simple Molecules Polymers Covalent Network Solids Allotropes of Carbon Ful lerenes Metallic Bonding Pure Metals and Alloys States of Matter Solids Liquids Gases Diusion in Liquids Diusion in Gases Changes of State Heating and Cooling Curves State Symbols and Predicting States Nanoscience and Smart Mater ials Nanoparticles Properties of Nanoparticles Uses and Risks of Nanoparticles Thermochromic and P hotochromic Pigments Shape Memory Materials H ydrogels

Quantitative Chemistry Relative F ormula Mass U sing the P ercentage Mass F ormula M oles M ole Calculations C onservation of Mass C hanging Mass M oles and Equations B alancing Equations Using Masses L imiting Reactants C alculating Masses in Reactions The V olume of Gas Empirical F ormulas A Reacting Masses Experiment C alculating the Reacting Mass W ater of Crystallization C alculating Wa ter of Crystallization C oncentration T itration Calculations A tom Economy T he Advantages of Atom Economy P ercentage Yield 1 00% Yield The Chemistry of Ac ids T he pH Scale A cids B ases I ndicators N eutralization T itrations S trong and W eak Acids D ilute and Concentrated Acids R eactions with Bases R eactions with Metal Carbonates M aking Insoluble Salts M aking Soluble Salts Metals and Their Reactivity T he Reactivity Series R eactions with Acids Reactions with W ater R eactions with Steam E xtracting Metals with Carbon R edox Reactions G roup 7 Displacement Reactions I onic Equations M etal Displacement Reactions E lectrolysis E xtracting Metals with Electrolysis H alf Equations E xtracting Aluminum in Industry Electrolysis of W ater E lectrolysis Experiments E lectrolysis of Aqueous Solutions E lectroplating

Energy Chan ges C hemical Reactions C ombustion O xidation T hermal Decomposition E xothermic Reactions E ndothermic Reactions E nergy Tr ansfer: Solutions Energy T ransfer: Combustion E xothermic Reaction Proles E ndothermic Reaction Proles C alculating Energy Changes Simple V oltaic Cells V oltaic Cells B atteries F uel Cells Inside a F uel Cell The Rate a nd Extent of Chemical Change R ates of Reaction C ollision Theory Reaction Rates and T emperature R eaction Rates and Concentration R eaction Rates and Surface Area R eaction Rates and Catalysts R ate of Reaction Graphs Reaction Rates and the V olume of Gas R eaction Rates and Changes in Mass R eaction Rates and Precipitation R eaction Rates and Acid Concentration C alculating Reaction Rates R eversible Reactions Equilibrium Energy T ransfer in Reversible Reactions Equilibrium and T emperature E quilibrium and Pressure E quilibrium and Concentration Organ ic Chemistry O rganic Compounds N aming Organic Compounds H ydrocarbons A lkane Properties H ydrocarbon Combustion C rude Oil F ractional Distillation C racking Cracking P aran A lkenes A ddition Reactions I somers C ombustion of Alkenes T esting for Alkenes Addition P olymers Representing Addition P olymers A lcohols P roperties of Alcohols U ses of Ethanol T he Production of Ethanol C arboxylic Acids C arboxylic Acid Reactions E sters Condensation P olymers P olyest ers and Po lyamides D NA P roteins C arbohydrates Hydrolysis of P olymers