DK - Super Simple Biology: The Ultimate Bitesize Study Guide

DK Delhi Senior editor Dharini Ganesh Senior art editor Shreya Anand Project editor Bipasha Roy Project art editors Sanjay Chauhan, N oopur Dalal Editorial team Sukriti Kapoor , Andrew Kor ah, Rupa Rao Assistant art editors Bhavnoor Kaur , Aparajita Sen Assistant picture r esearc her Geetika Bhandari Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing art editor Govind Mittal Picture re search manager T ai yaba Khatoon Senior DTP designer Visha l Bhatia DTP designer Nand Kishor Acharya Pre-produ ction manager Balwant Singh Production manager Pankaj Sharma DK London Senior editors Shaila Brown, Ben Mor gan Senior art editor Samantha Richiardi US editor Jennette ElNaggar Illustrato rs Peter Bull, Arran Lewi s Managing editor Lisa Gillespie Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Producer , pre-pro duction Kavita V ar ma Senior produce r Meskerem Be rhane Jacket designer Akiko Kato Jackets design dev elopment manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyr e Art director Karen Self Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Authors and co nsultants Anne Fa rthing, Susan K earsey , Jo Locke, Ben Morgan, Matthew Sison Smithsonian consultant Darrin Lunde, Supervisory Museum Specialist, National Museum of Natur al History , Smithsonian Institution First American Edition, 2020 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway , S uite 801, New Yor k, NY 10018 Copyright 2020 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Pe nguin Random House LLC 19 20 21 22 23 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001315040Jun/2020 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright r eserved above, no part of this public ation may be reprodu ced, s tored in or intr oduced i nto a retrieval sy stem, or transmitted , in any f orm, or by an y means (electro nic, mechanical, photocopying, record ing, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the c opyright owner . Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kinder sley Limited A catalog re cord for this book is available from t he Library o f Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-9324-8 DK books are available at special discounts when pur chased in bulk for sales promotions, prem iums, fund-r aising, or educ ational use. For details, c ontact: DK Publishing Special Marke ts, 1450 Broadway , S uite 801, New Yor k, NY 10018 SpecialSales@dk.com Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk .com Established in 1846, the Smithsonian is the worlds lar gest museum and r esearc h complex, dedicated to public educa tion, national servic e, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history . It includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoologic al Park . The t otal number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonians collection is estimated at 154 million.

THE UL TIMA TE BITESIZE STUD Y GUIDE

Contents Worki ng Scientically H ow science works T aking measurements W orking with variables S cientic models Q uestions in science Benets and risks of science F inding the average P resenting data S cientic progress S cientic units W orking safely What is Life? C haracteristics of life C lassication of species K ingdoms of life B ody organization O rgan systems V er tebrates I nvertebrates P lants E volutionary trees I dentication keys Cells A nimal cells P lant cells S ingle-celled organisms B acteria M icroscopes U sing a microscope S tem cells M itosis M eiosis B inary ssion C ulturing bacteria Eect of antibiotics and antiseptics Trans port and Cells D iusion O smosis I nvestigating osmosis A ctive transport S urface area and volume E xchange and transport

Respiration R espiration Investigating the rate of respiration A erobic respiration A naerobic respiration Enzymes E nzymes E nzymes and temperature E nzymes and pH E nzymes and substrates E nzymes in industry I nvestigating enzymes M etabolism Nutri tion in Plants P hotosynthesis L eaves S tomata P lants and glucose P lant nutrients A dapting to extreme environments I nvestigating photosynthesis R ate of photosynthesis M easuring the rate of photosynthesis I nverse square law G reenhouse farming Nutri tion in Humans 9 N utrients 9 V itamins and minerals 9 M easuring energy in food 9 B alanced eating 9 F ood tests 9 D igestive system D igestive enzymes A bsorption of food Trans port in Plants T ran sport system T ranspiration P lant roots R ate of transpiration M easuring transpiration Trans port in Animals C irculatory system B lood vessels S tructure of blood vessels B lood T he heart H ow the heart works H eart rate C hanging heart rate L ymphatic system T he lungs B reathing E ects of exercise on breathing

Nervous System S timulus and response N ervous system N eurons S ynapses R eex arc M easuring reaction time T he brain S tudying the brain N ervous system damage T he eye S eeing N earsightedness F arsightedness A stigmatism T he ear T emperature control Hormones T he endocrine system H omeostasis I nsulin and glucagon D iabetes T he kidneys P uberty in males P uberty in females T he menstrual cycle C ontraceptives F ertility treatment A drenaline T hyroxine P lant hormones U sing plant hormones E ect of light on seedlings Repro duction S exual reproduction A sexual reproduction F lowers W ind pollination F ruit S eed dispersal S eeds F actors that aect germination A sexual reproduction in plants L ife cycle of insects L ife cycle of amphibians L ife cycle of birds L ife cycle of mammals M ale reproductive system F emale reproductive system H uman fertilization P regnancy C hildbirth

Genetics and Biotechnology G enome H uman Genome Project S tructure of DNA P rotein synthesis 1 P rotein synthesis 2 M utations G enes and alleles G enetic crosses C odominance M endel's work B lood groups I nherited disorders G enetic testing S ex determination S ex linkage C loning animals G enetic engineering C loning plants I ndustrial fermentation Evolution V ariation C ontinuous and discontinuous variation D arwin and Wa llace E volution F ossils A ntibiotic-resistant bacteria S elective breeding S peciation E xtinction Ecology E cology I nterdependence C lassifying feeding F ood webs D ecomposers A biotic factors B iotic factors P redatorprey cycles S ocial behavior E nergy transfers P yramids of biomass D rawing pyramids of biomass A bundance C arrying capacity D istribution of organisms T he water cycle T he carbon cycle T he nitrogen cycle

Humans and the Enviro nment H uman population growth N eed for resources B iodiversity G lobal warming C limate change C hanging ecosystems C hanging distributions C arbon sinks I ntroduced species W ater pollution L and pollution A ir pollution C onservation F ood security F ood production and sustainability F arming methods B iofuels Health H ealth and disease E ects of lifestyle on disease H eart disease H eart surgery P athogens T ransmissible diseases V iruses V iral diseases B acterial diseases P rotoctist and fungal diseases B ody barriers P hagocytes L ymphocytes L ong-term immunity V accination M onoclonal antibodies C ancer D rugs T esting drugs P ests and plants P lant defenses G lossary I ndex