Lois Recascino Wise - Labor Market Policies and Employment Patterns in the United States

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Labor Market Policies and Employment Patterns in the United States

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Labor Market Policies and Employment Patterns in the United States

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Lois Recascino Wise

First published in 1988 by EFA (The Delegation for Labor Market Policy Research, Ministry of Labor), Stockholm
Published 2021 by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1988 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wise, Lois Recascino.
Labor market policies and employment patterns in the United States / by Lois Recascino Wise.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8133-7839-7
1. Labor marketUnited States. I. Title.
HD5724.W5635 1989
331.12'042'0973dc20 89-32686
ISBN13: 978-0-3670-1341-7 (hbk) CIP
ISBN13: 978-0-3671-6328-0 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429043277

To my parents

Contents

1. 2. Labor Market Policy Instruments and Expenditures
   1. 2.1 Income Replacement
   2. 2.2 Other Instruments for Income Transfer
   3. 2.3 Job Placement Services
   4. 2.4 Relocation Allowances
   5. 2.5 Expenditures for Training and Job Creation Measures
   6. 2.6 Summary
2. 3. Changing Trends in Labor Supply and Demand
   1. 3.1 Labor Market Supply Factors
   2. 3.2 Demographic Factors Affecting Labor Pool
   3. 3.3 Participation Rates Affecting Labor Pool
   4. 3.4 Linkage between Education and Labor Force Participation
   5. 3.5 Level of Participation
   6. 3.6 Trends in the Demand for Labor
   7. 3.7 Summary
3. 4. Changes in Labor Market Dynamics
   1. 4.1 Relationship of Unemployment Level to Vacancy Rate
   2. 4.2 Wage Differentials
   3. 4.3 Mobility Factors Affecting the Labor Pool
   4. 4.4 Summary
4. 5. The Structure and Dynamics of Unemployment
   1. 5.1 The Distribution of Unemployment
   2. 5.2 The Geographic Distribution of Unemployment
   3. 5.3 The Duration of Unemployment and Insurance Benefits
   4. 5.4 Summary
5. 6. Outcome of Labor Market Policy and the Policy Process
   1. 6.1 Introduction
   2. 6.2 Labor Market Training Programs
   3. 6.3 Job Creation Activities
   4. 6.4 The Effects of Income Replacement and Transfer Programs
   5. 6.5 Evaluations of Labor Market Programs
   6. 6.6 Social Impacts
   7. 6.7 The Policy Making Process and Implementation Factors
   8. 6.8 Policy Outcomes
   9. 6.9 Summary

1. 2. Labor Market Policy Instruments and Expenditures
   1. 2.1 Income Replacement
   2. 2.2 Other Instruments for Income Transfer
   3. 2.3 Job Placement Services
   4. 2.4 Relocation Allowances
   5. 2.5 Expenditures for Training and Job Creation Measures
   6. 2.6 Summary
2. 3. Changing Trends in Labor Supply and Demand
   1. 3.1 Labor Market Supply Factors
   2. 3.2 Demographic Factors Affecting Labor Pool
   3. 3.3 Participation Rates Affecting Labor Pool
   4. 3.4 Linkage between Education and Labor Force Participation
   5. 3.5 Level of Participation
   6. 3.6 Trends in the Demand for Labor
   7. 3.7 Summary
3. 4. Changes in Labor Market Dynamics
   1. 4.1 Relationship of Unemployment Level to Vacancy Rate
   2. 4.2 Wage Differentials
   3. 4.3 Mobility Factors Affecting the Labor Pool
   4. 4.4 Summary
4. 5. The Structure and Dynamics of Unemployment
   1. 5.1 The Distribution of Unemployment
   2. 5.2 The Geographic Distribution of Unemployment
   3. 5.3 The Duration of Unemployment and Insurance Benefits
   4. 5.4 Summary
5. 6. Outcome of Labor Market Policy and the Policy Process
   1. 6.1 Introduction
   2. 6.2 Labor Market Training Programs
   3. 6.3 Job Creation Activities
   4. 6.4 The Effects of Income Replacement and Transfer Programs
   5. 6.5 Evaluations of Labor Market Programs
   6. 6.6 Social Impacts
   7. 6.7 The Policy Making Process and Implementation Factors
   8. 6.8 Policy Outcomes
   9. 6.9 Summary

Guide

Figures

1. 2.A UI Benefit Payments as Percentage of GNP: 1970-1986
2. 2.B Outlays for Training and Employment in Four Federal Organizations: 1970-1987
3. 3.A Civilian Female Participation Rates by Age Group: 1965-1985
4. 3.B Civilian Male Participation Rates by Age Group: 1965-1985
5. 3.C Number of Persons Working Part-time Involuntarily by Major Reason, Seasonally Adjusted Quarterly Averages, 1965-1985
6. 3.D Change in Spending for ServiceAll Governments: 1970-1986
7. 3.E Public Employees by Function, 1985
8. 4.A Unemployment and Vacancies in the US: 1970-1987
9. 4.B Private Industry Hourly Wage, Selected Years, 1970-1987
10. 4.C Change in Adjusted ECI and Unemployment, 1971-1987
11. 5.A Adult Population by Age in 1980
12. 5.B Unemployment Rates by State, 1987 Annual Averages
13. 5.C Proportion of Unemployed Workers Receiving Unemployment Insurance

Tables

1. 2.1 State Unemployment Insurance Fund, 1970 to 1986
2. 2.2 Unemployment Insurance Benefits as a Proportion of GNP, 1970-1986
3. 2.3 Public Income Maintenance Programs Cash Benefit Payments in Millions of Current Dollars, 1970-1986
4. 2.4 Unemployed Job Seekers by Methods Used and RaceMonthly Data, June 1982-1986
5. 2.5 Activities and Performance of the U.S. Employment Service, 1975 through 1986
6. 2.6 Allocations and Expenditures Under JTPA, 1984-1986
7. 2.7 Federal Outlays for Training and Employment by Year, in Four Federal Agencies and Departments
8. 3.1 Employment Status of the Noninstitutional U.S. Population 16 Years of Age and Older, 1977-1987
9. 3.2 Employment-Population Ratios in Three Countries Using U.S. Concepts
10. 3.3 Average Annual Growth Rate of National Labor Forces for Selected Time Periods
11. 3.4 Age Composition of the U.S. Work Force, Selected Years 1960-1987
12. 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Age, 1965-1987
13. 3.6 Labor Force Status by Years of School Completed and Race for March 1977 and 1987
14. 3.7 Part-time Employment Status of the U.S. Civilian Work Force, by Sex and Age: 1970 to 1987
15. 3.8 Employment Levels by Industry: 1978-1986
16. 3.9 Summary of Non-Agricultural Employment by Work Sector
17. 3.10 Employment in Goods Production, Percentages of National Employment
18. 3.11 Employment in Goods Production by Production Category
19. 3.12 Employment in Goods Production Category Contributions to Goods Employment
20. 3.13 Private Service Employment Percentages of National Employment
21. 3.14 Private Service Employment by Service Category
22. 3.15 Private Service Employment Category Contribution to Service Employment
23. 3.16 Government Employment by Level as Percentage of National Employment
24. 3.17 Government Employment by Level
25. 3.18 Biennial Change in Government Purchases of Services from 1976 to 1986

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