milie Frenkiel 2015
Cover Rawpixel Fotolia
First published by the ECPR Press in 2015
The ECPR Press is the publishing imprint of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), a scholarly association, which supports and encourages the training, research and cross-national co-operation of political scientists in institutions throughout Europe and beyond.
ECPR Press
Harbour House
Hythe Quay
Colchester
CO2 8JF
United Kingdom
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Typeset by Lapiz Digital Services
Printed and bound by Lightning Source
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-907-301-69-8
PDF ISBN: 978-1-910-259-50-4
EPUB ISBN: 978-1-910-259-51-1
KINDLE ISBN: 978-1-910-259-49-8
www.ecpr.eu/ecprpress
ECPR Monographs
Series Editors:
Dario Castiglione (University of Exeter)
Peter Kennealy (European University Institute)
Alexandra Segerberg (Stockholm University)
Other books available in this series
Agents or Bosses? (ISBN: 9781907301261) zge Kemahliolu
Causes of War: The Struggle for Recognition (ISBN: 9781907301018) Thomas Lindemann
Citizenship: The History of an Idea (ISBN: 9780954796655) Paul Magnette
Civil Society in Communist Eastern Europe (ISBN: 9781907301278) Matt Killingsworth
Coercing, Constraining and Signalling: Explaining UN and EU Sanctions After the Cold War (ISBN: 9781907301209) Francesco Giumelli
Conditional Democracy: The Contemporary Debate on Political Reform in Chinese Universities (ISBN: 9781907301698) milie Frenkiel
Constraints on Party Policy Change (ISBN: 9781907301490) Thomas M. Meyer
Consultative Committees in the European Union: No Vote No Influence? (ISBN: 9781910259429) Diana Panke, Christoph Hnnige and Julia Gollub
Contesting Europe: Exploring Euroscepticism in Online Media Coverage (ISBN: 9781907301513) Pieter De Wilde, Asimina Michailidou and Hans-Jrg Trenz
Deliberation Behind Closed Doors: Transparency and Lobbying in the European Union (ISBN: 9780955248849) Daniel Naurin
Democratic Institutions and Authoritarian Rule in Southeast Europe (ISBN: 9781907301438) Danijela Dolenec
Democratic Reform and Consolidation: The Cases of Mexico and Turkey (ISBN: 9781907301674) Evren Celik Wiltse
Economic Knowledge in Regulation: The Use of Expertise by Independent Agencies (ISBN: 9781907301452) Lorna S. Schrefler
European Integration and its Limits: Intergovernmental Conflicts and their Domestic Origins (ISBN: 9780955820373) Daniel Finke
Functional Representation and Democracy in the EU (ISBN: 9781907301650) Corinna Wolff
Gender and Vote in Britain: Beyond the Gender Gap? (ISBN: 9780954796693) Rosie Campbell
Globalisation: An Overview (ISBN: 9780955248825) Danilo Zolo
Greece in the Euro: Economic Delinquency or System Failure? (ISBN: 9781907301537) Eleni Panagiotarea
Integrating Indifference: A Comparative, Qualitative and Quantitative Approach to the Legitimacy of European Integration (ISBN: 9781907301483) Virginie Van Ingelgom
Joining Political Organisations: Institutions, Mobilisation and Participation in Western Democracies (ISBN: 9780955248894) Laura Morales
The Nordic Voter: Myths of Exceptionalism (ISBN: 9781907301506) sa Bengtsson, Kasper M. Hansen, lafur . Hararson, Hanne Marthe Narud and Henrik Oscarsson
Organising the European Parliament (ISBN: 9781907301391) Nikoleta Yordanova
Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland (ISBN: 9781910259337) Lauri Karvonen
Paying for Democracy: Political Finance and State Funding for Parties (ISBN: 9780954796631) Kevin Casas-Zamora
The Personalisation of Politics: A Study of Parliamentary Democracies (ISBN: 9781907301032) Lauri Karvonen
Policy Making In Multilevel Systems: Federalism, Decentralisation, and Performance in the OECD Countries (ISBN: 9781907301339) Jan Biela, Annika Hennl and Andr Kaiser
Political Conflict and Political Preferences: Communicative Interaction between Facts, Norms and Interests (ISBN: 9780955820304) Claudia Landwehr
Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway (ISBN: 9780955820366) Elin Haugsgjerd Allern
The Politics of Income Taxation: A Comparative Analysis (ISBN: 9780954796686) Steffen Ganghof
Regulation in Practice: The de facto Independence of Regulatory Agencies (ISBN: 9781907301285) Martino Maggetti
Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments (ISBN: 9780954796648) Mercedes Mateo Diaz
The Return of the State of War: A Theoretical Analysis of Operation Iraqi Freedom (ISBN: 9780955248856) Dario Battistella
Schools of Democracy (ISBN: 9781907301186) Julien Talpin
Transnational Policy Innovation: The role of the OECD in the Diffusion of Regulatory Impact Analysis (ISBN: 9781907301254) Fabrizio De Francesco
Urban Foreign Policy and Domestic Dilemmas: Insights from Swiss and EU City-regions (ISBN: 9781907301070) Nico van der Heiden
Why Arent They There? The Political Representation of Women, Ethnic Groups and Issue Positions in Legislatures (ISBN: 9780955820397) Didier Ruedin
Widen the Market, Narrow the Competition: Banker Interests and the Making of a European Capital Market (ISBN: 9781907301087) Daniel Mgge
Please visit www.ecpr.eu/ecprpress for information about new publications.
Selective Timeline of Major Historical Events
4 May 1919
Student demonstration against the Treaty of Versailles, leading to the landmark anti-imperialist cultural and political May Fourth movement.
October 1949
Proclamation of the Peoples Republic of China.
19567
The Hundred Flowers campaign misleads citizens, and especially intellectuals, to openly express their opinions about the communist regime.
19578
The Anti-Rightist campaign is used by Mao to eliminate critical intellectuals.
195961
The Great Leap Forward, intended to modernise Chinas economy, triggers the largest famine in human history, with an estimated 1430 million casualties.
196676
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution begins.
19706
Mao Zedong progressively disappears from public life due to health problems. The Gang of Four, including Maos wife Jiang Qing, tries to increase politcal influence by spearheading the Cultural Revolution.
September 1971
Lin Biao, Maos heir apparent, is killed in airplane crash while fleeing after an attempted military coup.
January 1976
Death of Premier Zhou Enlai.
September 1976
Chairman Mao Zedong dies at the age of 82. The Gang of Four tries to get into power.
1977
Hua Guofeng begins the Open Door policy.