Abbas Assi - Democracy in Lebanon: Political Parties and the Struggle for Power Since Syrian Withdrawal

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Abbas Assi is a researcher at the Center for Arab Unity Studies in Beirut. He holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of Leeds, where he taught International Politics.

This is a book like no other, filling a huge gap in the literature on Lebanon. It is a solid and enjoyable read, providing an in-depth examination of Lebanons polity. It will be invaluable for students of Middle East politics, democratization, and comparative politics.

Larbi Sadiki, Professor of International Relations, Qatar University

This book focuses on the evolution of Lebanese politics in great detail with an eye to understanding the prospects for democratic reform in that country. It provides a thorough review of the political science literature on Consociationalism and brings the reader up to date on the major developments in Lebanese politics in the past decade.

Melani Cammett, Professor of Government, Harvard University

DEMOCRACY
IN LEBANON

Political Parties and the Struggle for Power
Since Syrian Withdrawal

A BBAS A SSI

Published in 2016 by

I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd

London New York

www.ibtauris.com

Copyright 2016 Abbas Assi

The right of Abbas Assi to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.

References to websites were correct at the time of writing.

Library of Modern Middle East Studies 166

ISBN: 978 1 78453 093 8

eISBN: 978 1 78672 004 7

ePDF: 978 1 78673 004 6

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available

This book is dedicated to my father, Fawaz Assi

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

Eligible Voters of each Sectarian Group and Allocated MPs (2005)

Parliamentary Blocs (2005)

Number of MPs for each Political Party (2009)

Parliamentary Blocs (2009)

Political Freedoms in Lebanon (19902004)

Political Freedoms in Lebanon (200512)

Assassinations of March 14 Coalition Figs (200413)

LIST OF MAPS

Administrative Divisions of Lebanon

Geographic Distribution of Sectarian Communities in Lebanon

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADF	Arab Deterrent Force
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
BCRI	Beirut Center for Research and Information
BV	Block Vote
CDR	Council for Development and Reconstruction
COS	Council of the South
DSA	Defence and Security Agreement
FCCT	Fraternity, Cooperation and Coordination Treaty
FPM	Free Patriotic Movement
FPTP	First-Past-The-Post
HRW	Human Rights Watch
ICG	International Crisis Group
IDEA	Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
IDMC	International Displacement Monitoring Centre
IDP	Internally Displaced Persons
IFES	International Foundation for Electoral Systems
LADE	Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections
LAU	Lebanese American University
LBC	Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation
LFP	Lebanese Forces Party
MERIP	Middle East Research and Information Project
MP	Member of Parliament
NIMD	Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy
NNA	National News Agency
OCHA	Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
PLO	Palestine Liberation Organization
PM	Prime Minister
PR	Proportional Representation
PSP	Progressive Socialist Party
QSG	Qornet Shehwan Gathering
SLHC	Syrian Lebanese Higher Council
SSNP	Syrian Social Nationalist Party
STL	Special Tribunal for Lebanon
UK	United Kingdom
UN	United Nations
UNIFIL	United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNSC	United Nations Security Council
US	United States
USC	United States Congress

CHRONOLOGY

1920	France entrusted with League of Nations Mandate for Lebanon and Syria. Creation of the state of Lebanon.
1943	President Bechara al-Khoury and PM Riad al-Solh concludes the National Pact. End of French mandate.
1975	Lebanese civil war breaks out.
1989	Michel Aoun attacks the LFP and declares war of liberation against Syria (March). Formation of Arab Tripartite Committee (May). Lebanese MPs ratify Taif Agreement (October). Elias Hrawi elected as president (November).
1990	Iraq invades Kuwait (August). US-led international alliance attacks Iraq (August). Michel Aoun forced into exile (October).
1991	End of Second Gulf War (February).
1992	Lebanon's first elections after the civil war with Christian boycott.
1996	Lebanon's second parliamentary elections after the civil war.
1998	Emile Lahoud succeeds Hrawi as president.
2000	Israel ends its occupation of southern Lebanon (May). Lebanon's third parliamentary elections after the civil war.
2004	UNSC issues Resolution 1559 (2 September). Parliament extends Lahoud's presidential term for three years (3 September). Rafic Hariri's cabinet resigns (October). PM Omar Karami nominated as PM-designate (October).
2005	Assassination of former PM Rafic Hariri (February). Omar Karami's cabinet resigns (February). Syria withdraws its military forces (April). Lebanon's first parliamentary elections after the Syrian withdrawal (May9June).
2006	Ratification of the FPMHizbullah memorandum agreement (February). First meeting of the National Dialogue Committee (March). The IsraelHizbullah war erupts (12 July 14 August). Lebanese government approves the establishment of an international tribunal. Shiite ministers resign from the government (November). The March 8 Coalition organizes a sit-in in Beirut (December).
2007	Lebanese army attacks Fatah al-Islam group (MaySeptember). Presidential term of Emile Lahoud ends without a successor (November).

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