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Steven L. Rearden - The Evolution of American Strategic Doctrine: Paul H. Nitze and the Soviet Challenge

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Book:
The Evolution of American Strategic Doctrine: Paul H. Nitze and the Soviet Challenge
Author:
Steven L Rearden / Paul H Nitze
Publisher:
Routledge
Genre:
Science / Politics
Year:
2019
City:
New York
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SAIS PAPERS

IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

The Evolution of American Strategic Doctrine

WESTVIEW PRESS / FOREIGN POLICY INSTITUTE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

The drawing on the front cover represents Vaubans first system-a city fortification-developed in seventeenth-century France.

First published 1984 by Westview Press

Published 2019 by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-51608

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29193-8 (hbk)

The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute

Lucius D. Battle
Chairman

Archie Albright
Executive-in-Residence

Harold Brown
Distinguished Visiting Professor
National Security Affairs

Murray Gart
Research Associate

Kristen E. Carpenter
Managing Editor
Publications Program

Janet Smith
Assistant to the Chairman

Robert E. Osgood
Director of Research
Codirector, Security Studies Program
(on leave)

Michael Vlahos
Codirector
Security Studies Program

Wilfrid Kohl
Director
International Energy Program

Christian A. Herter, Jr.
Fellow

Celeste R. Wilson
Programs Coordinator

George R. Packard
Dean, School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University

The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute (FPI) was founded in 1980 and serves as the research center for the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C. The FPI is a meeting place for SAIS faculty members and students, as well as for government analysts, policymakers, diplomats, journalists, business leaders, and other specialists in international affairs. In addition to conducting research on various policy-related international issues, the FPI sponsors conferences, seminars, and roundtables.

The FPIs research activities are often carried on in conjunction with SAISs regional and functional programs dealing with American foreign policy, Latin America and the Caribbean Basin, Africa, the Middle East, the Soviet Union, U.S.-Japan relations, Canada, security studies, international energy, the Far East, Europe, and international economics.

FPI publications include the SAIS Review , a biannual journal of foreign affairs, which is edited by SAIS students, and SAIS Papers in International Affairs, a monograph series which is copublished with Westview Press in Boulder, Colorado. For additional information regarding FPI publications, write to: Managing Editor, FPI Publications Program, School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University, 1740 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036.

About the Book and Author

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of Paul H. Nitzes influence on the making of U.S. national security policy, as well as his recent involvement in arms control negotiations. After World War II, Nit:e played a major role in drafting a policy paper for the National Security CouncilNSC 68that profoundly affected U.S. strategic policy. With the outbreak of the Korean War and increased SoYiet expansionism in the 1950s, Nitze and his colleagues argued forcefully for a strong program of American rearmament and an expanded peacetime defense force. Dr. Rearden brings the retrospective up to date with a discussion of Nitzes role in the SALT and Euromissile talks.

Steven L. Rearden is a member of the historical staff of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Specializing in defense and national security matters, he is the author of The Formative Years, 19471950 . He has taught at Harvard University and Boston College, and from 1974 to 1976 served as a consultant to the Office of the Secretary of Defense on U.S. Soviet strategic arms competition.

Contents

Guide

T HE STUDY THAT FOLLOWS is the first in a series on national security affairs. Unlike other mainstream monographs on strategic studies, this series will attempt to stretch the topical focus beyond the trendy. We want to treat issues and questions whose importance needs to be underscored. It is therefore appropriate to begin with an essay on Paul Nitze. Of those who have made U.S. strategic policy since 1945, the figures thus far blessed with historical badge have either held highest office or have most successfully promoted themselves with the boosting of activist historians. Paul Nitze has yet to be properly assessed.

Steve Reardens analysis is unusual for three reasons. First, it shows Nitzes impact on American strategic policy far more clearly and forcefully than has been permitted by revisionist historians. Nitzes influence reached well beyond the aureole of NSC-68 and the codification of the cold war. Rearden shows that limited response, a stable nuclear balance based on rough equivalence, and deterrence through retaliation rather than preemption were all Nitzes concepts, passed on to McNamara and his successors.

Second, Rearden develops a full portraiture of Nitzes strategic thought, including the foundational values and moral concepts driving his vision. From the beginning of his influence in policy formulation to the present, Nitze placed American values and their survival in a hostile world ahead of mere technical-military solutions or definitions of victory. From NSC-68 to his arms control efforts of today, he has sought to create a working framework that would avoid war, preserve Americas physical interests, and keep Americans and their society whole as well as materially secure. His efforts to focus on conventional responses to challenge and on strategic stability are a far cry from pernicious images of him propagated by those who would make of him the ultimate cold warrior.

Finally, there is Reardens implicit thesis on Nitzes achievements. George F. Kennan, Nitzes predecessor at State, is considered the ideo-creator of containment. Containment, based on the conviction of Soviet reform, ultimately failed in Vietnam and its aftermath. Nitzes vision, by contrast, has been the basis of American strategic policy since the 1960s. His approach to arms control through equivalence and mutual invulnerability of response is the basis for nearly all American negotiating efforts. His nonnuclear conception of limited-crisis response is now the unabridgeable norm. Finally, his notion of security through strength, in purely historical terms, has worked. As Rearden admits, the revisionists are wrong. Americas military burden in the 1950s and 1960s did not result in a national defense state. Our basic national values were never abridged, and we, as Americans, were never transformed into an evil mirror of our adversary. To have defended America without compromising it is surely an achievement.

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