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Adam Fforde - The Limits of National Liberation: Problems of Economic Management in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, With a Statistical Appendix

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The Limits of National Liberation: Problems of Economic Management in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, With a Statistical Appendix
Author:
Adam Fforde / Suzanne H Paine
Publisher:
Routledge
Genre:
Books / Science
Year:
2021
City:
London
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The Limits of National Liberation: Problems of Economic Management in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, With a Statistical Appendix: summary, description and annotation

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This book, first published in 1987, examines the experience of the North Vietnamese economy during the struggle for national reunification and the Vietnam war. It chronicles the impact of war and Socialist Construction upon an extremely poor area left undeveloped by French colonial exploitation. The analysis focuses on the severe restraints that faced socio-economic development in North Vietnam, and the adverse effects of forced development based upon neo-Stalinist institutional models. Deep problems were encountered in attempting to implement Socialist Construction in the North, and wartime aid from fraternal Socialist countries masked the fundamental economic imbalances created by the development effort. After national reunification in 1975 the structural difficulties of the Northern economy and the shortcomings of its economic management system crushed the expectations of rapid peacetime development and led to the economic crisis of the late 1970s.

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Routledge Library Editions: Revolution in Vietnam

Volume 3

The Limits of National Liberation

First published in 1987 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2022

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1987 Adam Fforde and Suzanne H. Paine

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-03-214885-4 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-00-324163-8 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-03-215345-2 (Volume 3) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-03-215354-4 (Volume 3) (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-00-324371-7 (Volume 3) (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003243717

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

1987 Adam Fforde and Suzanne H. Paine

Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row,

Beckenham, Kent, BR3 1AT

Croom Helm Australia, 44-50 Waterloo Road,

North Ryde, 2113, New South Wales

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Fforde, Adam

The limits of national liberation.

1. North Vietnam Economic conditions

I. Title II. Paine, Suzanne H.

330.9597'04 HC444

ISBN 0-7099-1036-3

Published in the USA by

Croom Helm

in association with Methuen, Inc.

29 West 35th Street

New York, NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fforde, Adam.

The limits of national liberation.

Bibliography: p.

1. Vietnam (Democratic Republic) Economic policy.

2. Vietnam (Democratic Republic) Economic conditions.

I. Paine, Suzanne. II. Title.

HC444.F46 1987 338.9597 87-8977

ISBN 0-7099-1036-3

Printed and bound in Great Britain

by Billing & Sons Limited, Worcester.

Contents

List of tables

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction and Chronology

PART I: PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

2: THE DRV - IMMEDIATE ORIGINS, PROBLEMS OF THE TRALASITION AND BASIC STRUCTURE. THE AGGRAVATED SHORTTAGE ECONOMY.

2.1 Introduction; experiences under the pre-1954 administration; problems of the political transition; non-Communist attitudes towards the new government

2.2 Basic shortcomings of the neo-Stalinist strategy

2.3 The formal institutions of the DRY and the principles governing their operation

2.4 The likely macro-economic and structural consequences of forced industrialisation in the North Vietnamese context

2.5 Planning in the DRY: some general observations

2.6 Conclusions

3: CONSTRAINTS IN OPERATION - THE CREATION OF AN AGGRAVATED SHORTAGE ECONOMY AND THE DETERIORATION OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN BALANCES

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Systemic malfunction and the creation of an aggravated shortage economy

3.3 The weight of the development programme

3.4 Institutional evidence for the aggravated shortage economy: the 10th Plenum - 'prices and markets'

3.5 The state's fiscal deficit - the immediate origins of monetary inflation

3.6 The trade deficit and the shift to import dependency for current consumption

3.7 Comparison of the DRY economy before and after the years of US bombing

3.8 Conclusions

4: POPULATION GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Population

4.3 Changes in sectoral employment

4.4 Changes in labour productivity

4.5 Sectoral output and the 'sources of growth'

5: INDUSTRY

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Artisanal and modern industry before 1954-55

5.3 Creation of the mature system and its operation: 1955-75

5.4 The artisanal and collective sectors

5.5 Conclusions: North Vietnamese industrial development to 1975

6: AGRICULTURE AND FORCED DEVELOPMENT: THE PEASANTRY COPES

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Overview of agricultural development 1960-75

6.3 The basic institutional models: agricultural producer cooperatives and state farms

6.4 Policy response: towards the New Management System

6.5 Conclusions: the North Vietnamese 'Agrarian Question' on the eve of National Reunification

7: CONCLUSIONS: THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION

PART II: STATISTICAL APPENDIX

Introduction

Supplementary Table

Translations from 'The Economic and Cultural Development of Socialist North Vietnam 1960-75'

Statistical Tables

Section 1: Natural Conditions and Geography

Section 2: Population and Labour

Section 3: Fixed and Circulating Capital

Section 4: Total Social Product and National Income

Section 5: Finance and Credit

Section 6: Industry A. General Indicators

B. Enterprises

C. Labour

D. Output

E. Individual Branches

Section 7: Basic Construction

Section 8: Agriculture

Section 9: Domestic and Foreign Trade

Section 10: Transport and Communications

Section 11: Living standards, culture, education and health services

Bibliography

List of Tables

Tables in the Text

Chapter 3

3.1: Share of consumption goods in total imports

3.2: Soviet food exports to the DRY

3.3: Crude balances in domestic trade of the state trading network for some commodities

Chapter 4

4.1: Absorption of the rising labour force, 1960-75

4.2: Comparisons of sectoral gross labour productivity growth

Chapter 5

5.1: Monthly incomes of state employee families

Chapter 6

6.1: Reported levels of staples availability from domestic suppliers

6.2: State procurement expressed as a percentage of reported output

6.3: Machinery and electricity available to agriculture (excluding state farms)

Notes: DRY Pig-herd

Tables in the Statistical Appendix

Principal ('planned') products at the time of the First Five Year Plan (1961-65)

Section I: NATURAL RESOURCES AND GEOGRAPHY

1: Areas and use of land

2: Major deltas

3: Major rivers

4: Peaks of high mountains

5: Average yearly terinperatures, C. deg.

6: Average yearly rainfall, mm.

7: Average yearly level of humidity, %

Section II: POPULATION AND LABOUR

8: Average yearly population

9: Population by ethnic group (based upon materials from the 1-4-1974 census)

10: Population of working age

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