Appendix A
A Brief Outline History of Vietnam
I. Archeological Cultures
Paleolithic Era (?-10,000 B.C.E.)
Ni Culture
Sn V Culture (?-9000 B.C.E.)
Mesolithic Era
Ho Bnh Culture (9000-7000 B.C.E.)
Neolithic Era
Bc Sn Culture (7000-3000 B.C.E.)
Bronze Age
Phng Nguyn Culture (2500 B.C.E.-1500 B.C.E.)
ng Sn Culture (1600 B.C.E.-2nd century B.C.E.)
II . Prehistory and Protohistory
Kingdom of Vn Lang (Hng Kings) (9th century B.C.E.-258
B.C.E.)
Capital: Phong Chu
Kingdom of u Lc (258, B.C.E.-207 B.C.E.) (Founder: An Dng Vng)
Capital: C Loa
Kingdom of Nam Vit (207 B.C.E.-111 B.C.E.) (Founder: Triu )
Capital: Canton (Guangzhou)
III. The Chinese Period
Western Han dynasty (111 B.C.E.-C.E. 23)
Eastern Han dynasty (C.E. 23-39)
Trng Sisters Rebellion (Vietnamese) (C.E. 39-43)
Eastern Han (43-220)
Three Kingdoms (221-263)
Western Jin (265-316)
Eastern Jin (317-419)
Southern Dynasties (420-589)
Early L Dynasty (Vietnamese) (6th century) (Founder: L B)
Kingdom: Vn Xun. Capital: Gia Ninh
Sui (589-618)
Tang (618-907)
Five Dynasties Period (907-939)
IV. Transition to Independence
Ng Quyn (939-945)
Kingdom: Nam Vit. Capital: C Loa
Period of 12 Warlords (965-968)
inh B Lnh (968-980)
Kingdom: i C Vit. Capital: Hoa L
L Hon (980-1009)
Kingdom: i C Vit. Capital: Hoa L
V. Dynastic Rule
L Dynasty (1009-1225) (Founder: L Cng Un)
Kingdom: i C Vit. (1009-1054): i Vit (1054-1225)
Capital: Thng Long (Hanoi)
Trn Dynasty (1225-1400) (Founder: Trn Th )
Kingdom: i Vit. Capital: Thng Long (Hanoi)
H Dynasty (1400-1407) (Founder: H Qu Ly)
Kingdom: i Ngu. Capital: Ty
Period of Ming Occupation (1407-1428)
Name: An Nam. Capital: ng Quan (Hanoi)
Later L Dynasty (1428-1527) (Founder: L Li)
Kingdom: i Viet. Capital: Thng Long (Hanoi)
Mac Dynasty (1527-1592) (Founder: Mc ng Dung)
Kingdom: i Vit. Capital: ng Kinh (Hanoi)
Trnh-Nguyn Period (1592-1788)
Northern Kingdom (L Emperors, Trnh Lords) Capital: Thng
Long (Hanoi)
Southern Kingdom (Nguyn Lords) Capital: Ph Xun (Hu)
Ty Sn Dynasty (1788-1802) (Founder: Nguyn Hu/Quang Trung)
Kingdom: i Vit. Capital: Hu and Thng Long (Hanoi)
Nguyn Dynasty (1802-1945) (Founder: Nguyn nh)
Kingdom: i Vit (1802-1838) i Nam (1838-1945). Capital: Hu
VI. Period of French Colonial Rule
French Indochina (1884-1945)
Protectorates of Tonkin and Annam; Colony of Cochin China
Capitals: Hanoi (Tonkin, Indochina); Hu (Annam); Saigon (Cochin China)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1976) (Founder: H Ch Minh)
Capital: Hanoi
Autonomous Republic of Cochin China (1946-1949)
Capital: Saigon
Associated State of Vietnam (1949-1954) (Founder: Bo Di)
Capital: Saigon
VII. Period of Independence
Republic of Vietnam (1955-1975) (Founder: Ng nh Dim)
Capital: Saigon
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1976) (Founder: H Ch Minh)
Capital: Hanoi
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976-present)
Capital: Hanoi
Appendix B
Rulers of Vietnamese Kingdoms, 10th-19th Centuries
Note: Rulers who did not survive into adulthood or who were too ephemeral to have had any impact are omitted from this list. When rulers are commonly known to history by both their personal name and an imperial title, the first is indicated in parentheses. All dates given are reign dates.
10th Century
Ng Quyn (939-44)
inh Tin Hong (inh B Lnh) (963-79)
L i Hnh (L Hon) (980-1005)
L Nga Triu (L Long nh) (1005-09)
L Dynasty
L Thi T (L Cng Un) (1010-28)
L Thi Tng (L Pht M) (1028-54)
L Thnh Tng (1054-72)
L Nhn Tng (1072-1128)
L Thn Tng (1128-37)
L Anh Tng (1137-75)
L Cao Tng (1176-1210)
L Hu Tng (1210-24)
L Chiu Hong (empress) (1224-25)
Trn Dynasty
Trn Thi Tng (1225-58)
Trn Thnh Tng (1258-78)
Trn Nhn Tng (1278-93)
Trn Anh Tng (1293-1314)
Trn Minh Tng (1314-29)
Trn Hin Tng (1329-41)
Trn D Tng (1341-69)
Trn Ngh Tng (1370-72)
Trn Du Tng (1372-77)
Trn Ph (1377-88)
Trn Thun Tng (1388-98)
Trn Thiu (1398-1400)
H Dynasty
H Qu Ly (1400)
H Hn Thuong (1401-07)
L Dynasty
L Thi T (Le Li) (1428-33)
L Thi Tng (1433-42)
L Nhn Tng (1442-59)
L Thnh Tng (1460-97)
L Hin Tng (1497-1504)
L Uy Mc (1505-09)
L Tng De (1509-16)
L Chiu Tng (1516-23)
L Cung Hong (1523-27)
(during Mc interregnum and civil war)
L Trang Tng (1533-48)
L Trung Tng (1548-56)
L Anh Tng (1556-73)
L Th Tng (1573-99)
L Knh Tng (1600-19)
L Thn Tng (1619-43, 1649-62)
L Chn Tng (1643-49)
L Huyn Tng (1663-71)
L Gia Tng (1671-75)
L Hy Tng (1675-1704)
L D Tng (1704-28)
L Ph ( 1728-32)
L Thun Tng (1732-35)
L Tng (1735-40)
L Hin Tng (1740-86)
L Chiu Thng (1787-89)
Mc Dynasty
Mc Thi T (Mc ng Dung) (1527-30)
Mc Thi Tng (Mc ng Doanh) (1530-40)
Mc Hin Tng (Mc Ph Hi) (1540-46)
Mc Tuyn Tng (Mc Phc Nguyn) (1546-64)
(ruler without imperial titles)
Mc Mu Hp (1564-92)
Trnh Lords (ruled as viceroys under later L emperors)
Trnh Kim (1545-70)
Trnh Tng (1570-1623)
Trnh Trng (1623-57)
Trnh Tc (1657-82)
Trnh Cn (1682-1709)
Trnh Cng ( 1709-29)
Trnh Giang (1729-40)
Trnh Doanh (1740-67)
Trnh Sm (1767-82)
Trnh Khi (1782-86)
Trnh Bng (1786-87)
Nguyn Lords (ruled autonomous southern kingdom known as ng Trong)
Nguyn Hong (1600-13)
Si Vng (Nguyn Phc Nguyn) (1613-35)
Thng Vng (Nguyn Phc Lan) (1635-48)
Hin Vng (Nguyn Phc Tn) (1648-87)
Ngha Vng (Nguyn Phc Trn) ( 1687-91 )
Minh Vng (Nguyn Phc Chu) (1691-1725)
Ninh Vng (Nguyn Phc Tr) (1725-38)
V Vng (Nguyn Phc Khot) (1738-65)
nh Vng (Nguyn Phc Thun) (1765-77)
Ty Sn Rulers
Trung ng Hong (Nguyn Nhc) (1778-93)
Quang Trung (Nguyn Hu) (1788-92)
Cnh Thnh (Nguyn Quang Ton) (1792-1802)
Nguyn Dynasty (Independent)
Gia Long (1802-20)
Minh Mng (1820-40)
Thiu Tr (1840-47)
T c (1847-83)
Dc c (1883)
Hip Ho (1883)
Kin Phc (1883-84)
Appendix C
Emperors and Governors under Colonial Rule
Nguyn Dynasty (Protected Rulers)
Hm Nghi (1884-85)
ng Khnh (1885-89)
Thnh Thi (1889-1907)
Duy Tn (1907-16)
Khi nh (1916-25)
Bo i (1925-45)
French Colonial Officials
Note: Interim and acting governors are excluded.
Governors of Cochin China and Indochina
Pierre de la Grandire (1863-68)
Marie-Gustave Ohier (1868-69)
Alphonse de Cornulier-Lucinire (1870-71)
Marie-Jules Dupr (1871-73)
Victor Auguste Duperr (1874-77)
Louis Lafont (1877-79)
Charles Le Myre de Vilers ( 1879-82)
Charles Thomson (1882-85)
Charles Begin (1885-86)
Charles-Louis Filippini (1886-87)
Governors-General of Indochina
Ernest Constans (1887-88)
tienne Richaud (1888-89)
Jules Piquet (1889-91)
Jean de Lanessan (1891-94)
Armand Rousseau (1895-96)
Paul Doumer (1897-1902)
Paul Beau (1902-07)
Antony Klobukowski (1908-10)
Albert Sarraut (1911-14, 1917-19)