Mattia Toaldo - The Origins of the US War on Terror: Lebanon, Libya and American Intervention in the Middle East

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The Origins of the US War on Terror

The war on terror did not start after 9/11, rather its origins must be traced back much further to the Reagan administration and the 1980s. Utilizing recently declassified archival resources, Toaldo offers an in-depth analysis of how ideas and threat perceptions were shaped both by traditional US policy in the Middle East during the Cold War and by the cooperation with the Israeli right. The book examines two case studies of American intervention in the region and of its reactions to terrorism: Lebanon between 1982 and 1984 and Libya from 1981 to 1986. The first encounter with Hizbullah and the pre-emptive strike against Qadhafi are analysed in light of the recently released sources.

Tracing foreign policy thinking developed by Reagan officials and Israeli intellectuals and leaders, the work demonstrates the significant impact this thinking had on US foreign policy after 9/11: ideas such as pre-emptive strikes, regime change and state-sponsorship were elaborated in the Reagan years and would later influence Bushs Global War on Terror. The book will be of great interest to scholars of US foreign policy, Middle East studies and American history.

Mattia Toaldo earned his PhD in History of International Relations at Roma 3 University. He is currently Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Society for Libyan Studies/British School at Rome, Senior Scholar on Middle East at Geopec research centre and lecturer of Political Science and International Relations at IES-Rome.

Routledge studies in US foreign policy
Edited by Inderjeet Parmar
University of Manchester
and
John Dumbrell
University of Durham

This new series sets out to publish high quality works by leading and emerging scholars critically engaging with United States Foreign Policy. The series welcomes a variety of approaches to the subject and draws on scholarship from international relations, security studies, international political economy, foreign policy analysis and contemporary international history.

Subjects covered include the role of administrations and institutions, the media, think tanks, ideologues and intellectuals, elites, transnational corporations, public opinion, and pressure groups in shaping foreign policy, US relations with individual nations, with global regions and global institutions and Americas evolving strategic and military policies.

The series aims to provide a range of books from individual research monographs and edited collections to textbooks and supplemental reading for scholars, researchers, policy analysts and students.

United States Foreign Policy and National Identity in the 21st Century

Edited by Kenneth Christie

New Directions in US Foreign Policy

Edited by Inderjeet Parmar, Linda B. Miller and Mark Ledwidge

Americas Special Relationships

Foreign and domestic aspects of the politics of alliance

Edited by John Dumbrell and Axel R Schfer

US Foreign Policy in Context

National ideology from the founders to the Bush doctrine

Adam Quinn

The United States and NATO since 9/11

The transatlantic alliance renewed

Ellen Hallams

Soft Power and US Foreign Policy

Theoretical, historical and contemporary perspectives

Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox

The US Public and American Foreign Policy

Edited by Andrew Johnstone and Helen Laville

American Foreign Policy and Postwar Reconstruction

Comparing Japan and Iraq

Jeff Bridoux

Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy

A critical analysis

Danny Cooper

US Policy Towards Cuba

Since the Cold War

Jessica F. Gibbs

Constructing US Foreign Policy

The curious case of Cuba

David Bernell

Race and US Foreign Policy

The African-American foreign affairs network

Mark Ledwidge

Gender Ideologies and Military Labor Markets in the U.S.

Saskia Stachowitsch

Prevention, Pre-Emption and the Nuclear Option

From Bush to Obama

Aiden Warren

Corporate Power and Globalization in US Foreign Policy

Edited by Ronald W. Cox

West Africa and the US War on Terror

Edited by George Klay Kieh and Kelechi Kalu

Constructing Americas Freedom Agenda for the Middle East

Oz Hassan

The Origins of the US War on Terror

Lebanon, Libya and American intervention in the Middle East

Mattia Toaldo

The Origins of the US War on
Terror

Lebanon, Libya and American intervention
in the Middle East

Mattia Toaldo

First published 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2013 Mattia Toaldo

The right of Mattia Toaldo to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-0-415-68501-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-08035-1 (ebk)

Contents

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Acknowledgements

This book would have been impossible without the help and the patience of many people and of some institutions. First of all, my partner Paola who, besides reading and commenting the first version of this book also gave me the needed amount of happiness to carry on my work.

I owe special thanks to my PhD supervisor Leopoldo Nuti who actually suggested that I link events in Lebanon to the strike against Libya and gave me indispensable advice for the conclusions. Comments and suggestions from professors Rita Di Leo and Anna Bozzo were crucial to understand both American policy and the Arab world. Conversations with Lucio Caracciolo and Karim Mezran helped me develop some of the ideas of this book. This work was possible also thanks to the breakthroughs in records declassification and in the interpretation of events carried out by David Wills and John Boykin. Moreover, I thank Diane Barrie, Laura Fasanaro and Carlos DErcole for their patience and their dedication in reading and commenting the different versions of this book. Special thanks to Sue Littleford for her patient and, indeed, accurate copyediting of this book and for the additional work she has done on the maps. Diane Barrie, along with the staff of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, also deserves special thanks for having been not just very helpful with records and Freedom of Information Acts but also the best and warmest welcome to the United States I could possibly hope for.

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