Melissa Bass - The Politics and Civics of National Service: Lessons From the Civilian Conservation Corps, Vista, and Americorps
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In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt created Americas first domestic national service program: the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). As part of this programthe largest and most highly esteemed of its kindnearly three million unemployed men worked to rehabilitate, protect, and build the nations natural resources. It demonstrated what citizens and government could accomplish together. Yet despite its success, the CCC was short lived. While more controversial programs such as President Johnsons Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) and President Clintons AmeriCorps survived, why did CCC die? And whygiven the hard-won continuation and expansion of AmeriCorpsis national service an option for fewer Americans today than at its start nearly eighty years ago?In The Politics and Civics of National Service, Melissa Bass focuses on the history, current relevance, and impact of domestic civilian national service. She explains why such service has yet to be deeply institutionalized in the United States; while military and higher education have solidified their roles as American institutions, civilian national service is still not recognized as a long-term policy option. Bass argues that only by examining these programs over time can we understand national services successes and limitations, both in terms of its political support and its civics lessons.The Politics and Civics of National Service furthers our understanding of American political development by comparing programs founded during three distinct political erasthe New Deal, theGreat Society, and the early Clinton yearsand tracing them over time. To a remarkable extent, the CCC, VISTA, and AmeriCorps reflect the policymaking ethos and political controversies of their times, illuminating principles that hold well beyond the field of national service. By emphasizing these programs effects on citizenship and civic engagement, The Politics and Civics of National Service deepens our understanding of how governmental programs can act as public policy for democracy.
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I N 1933 P RESIDENT Franklin D. Roosevelt created Americas first domestic national service program: the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). As part of this programthe largest and most highly esteemed of its kindnearly three million unemployed men worked to rehabilitate, protect, and build the nations natural resources. It demonstrated what citizens and government could accomplish together. Yet despite its success, the CCC was short lived. While more controversial programs such as President Johnsons Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) and President Clintons AmeriCorps survived, why did CCC die? And whygiven the hard-won continuation and expansion of AmeriCorpsis national service an option for fewer Americans today than at its start nearly eighty years ago?
In The Politics and Civics of National Service , Melissa Bass focuses on the history, current relevance, and impact of domestic civilian national service. She explains why such service has yet to be deeply institutionalized in the United States; while military and higher education have solidified their roles as American institutions, civilian national service is still not recognized as a long-term policy option. Bass argues that only by examining these programs over time can we understand national services successes and limitations, both in terms of its political support and its civics lessons.
The Politics and Civics of National Service furthers our understanding of American political development by comparing programs founded during three distinct political erasthe New Deal, the Great Society, and the early Clinton yearsand tracing them over time. To a remarkable extent, the CCC, VISTA, and AmeriCorps reflect the policymaking ethos and political controversies of their times, illuminating principles that hold well beyond the field of national service. By emphasizing these programs effects on citizenship and civic engagement, The Politics and Civics of National Service deepens our understanding of how governmental programs can act as public policy for democracy.
MELISSA BASS is an assistant professor of public policy leadership at the University of Mississippi.
COVER IMAGES :
Top photograph: Civilian Conservation Corps in California, March Field District, 1933. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Bottom photograph: Americorps, Joplin, Missouri Scott Julian
Jacket by Peggy Archambault Design
T HE P OLITICS AND C IVICS OF N ATIONAL S ERVICE
T HE P OLITICS AND C IVICS OF N ATIONAL S ERVICE
LESSONS FROM THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS, VISTA, AND AMERICORPS
MELISSA BASS
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
ABOUT BROOKINGS
The Brookings Institution is a private nonprofit organization devoted to research, education, and publication on important issues of domestic and foreign policy. Its principal purpose is to bring the highest quality independent research and analysis to bear on current and emerging policy problems. Interpretations or conclusions in Brookings publications should be understood to be solely those of the authors.
The Brookings Institution is a private nonprofit organization devoted to research, education, and publication on important issues of domestic and foreign policy. Its principal purpose is to bring the highest quality independent research and analysis to bear on current and emerging policy problems. Interpretations or conclusions in Brookings publications should be understood to be solely those of the authors.
Copyright 2013
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
www.brookings.edu
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
www.brookings.edu
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Brookings Institution Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
Bass, Melissa.
The politics and civics of national service: lessons from the Civilian Conservation Corps, Vista, and AmeriCorps / Melissa Bass.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8157-2380-6 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. National serviceUnited States. 2. VoluntarismUnited States. 3. Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.) 4. AmeriCorps (U.S.) 5. AmeriCorps*VISTA. I. Title.
D4870.U6B37 2013
361.6dc23
2012045776
ISBN: 978-0-8157-2381-3
Composition by Cynthia Stock
Silver Spring, Maryland
Silver Spring, Maryland
For Eden, always.
Contents
T he Political Scientist as Democrat are the words that open David Adamanys introduction to E. E. Schattschneiders The Semi-Sovereign People .
While these scholars, among others, have different understandings of just what political scientists should be committed tothe Constitution in particular, liberal democracy in general, or American democracy however defined and debatedthey believe that political scientists should have normative commitments. This conviction differentiates them from the many who aspire, in Bernard Cricks words, to take politics out of politics to be neutral, scientifically objective, and value-free. defines traditional political science. From my perspective, this commitment is exactly what defines citizenship. I come to this project with a basic belief that we dont stop being citizens when we start doing political science.
For introducing me to this transformative understanding of citizenship, I owe a debt of gratitude to Harry Boyte, a debt I can only hope to repay through a future full of public work. I am equally indebted to Carmen Sirianni and Steven Teles, who have been exemplary teachers, colleagues, and friends. If I had had the opportunity to work with only one of these professors, I would have thought myself lucky, and I would have been right. Through our many years of shared work, Carmen has never failed to remind me of what is important, each and every time I forget. Steve had even harder tasks: he shepherded me through graduate school and convinced me that I could write a book, and then showed me how. To say that he went above and beyond the call of duty does not even come close; he deserves an award simply for the number of e-mails he answered.
I also must thank the faculty and staff at the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University for generously funding my research and writing, and for giving me a collegial refuge on multiple occasions. In particular, Peter Levine offered critical support at this books start and at its finish. Thanks also to Dan Kryder and Marc Landy for their helpful contributions as members of my dissertation committee and to the Gordon Foundation and the Department of Politics at Brandeis University for supporting my graduate studies that led to this work. The College of Liberal Arts at the University of Mississippi gave me further financial support, and my colleagues in the universitys Department of Public Policy LeadershipDawn Bullion, Robert Haws, Michael Metcalf, David Rutherford, Eric Weber, and especially Christian Sellarprovided the structure and encouragement I needed that enabled me to finish this project after so many years.
For their indispensable inspiration and distraction throughout this project, I must thank my friends, especially Lisa Ferrari, Jan Leuchtenburger, Shirley Schultz, Dianne White, Susan Schantz, Amy Agigian, and Gar Culbert. Thanks also to my teachersformal and informalin particular Lew Friedland, Barbara Nelson, Jim Farr, and Stan and Nancy Johnson.
Most of all, I thank my family. My grandparents lived the entire history that I study, and what I learned from them cannot be found in any archive. My sister, who does more public work than anyone else I know, shows me how the principles I study can be put into practice and gives me a model to aspire to. My parents have provided support and encouragement forever: they always let me follow my own path, even when they didnt know where it would lead, and neither did I. That this path led me to work I love is a blessing. That it led me to my daughter is a miracle. Thank you, Eden, for making everything mean so much more.
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