Donald Cardwell - The Development of Science and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Britain

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VARIORUM COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES

The Development of Science and
Technology in Nineteenth-Century Britain

Donald Cardwell

The Importance of Manchester

Edited by Richard L. Hills

First published 2003 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge
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Copyright 2003 by Olive G. Cardwell

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A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 2002034533

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-74032-7 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-1-315-18367-1 (ebk)

VARIORUM COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES CS765

The articles in this volume, as in all others in the Variorum Collected Studies Series, have not been given a new, continuous pagination. In order to avoid confusion, and to facilitate their use where these same studies have been referred to elsewhere, the original pagination has been maintained wherever possible.

Each article has been given a Roman number in order of appearance, as listed in the Contents. This number is repeated on each page and is quoted in the index entries.

The late Professor Donald Cardwell published five important books on the history of education and science and technology. A full list of these and his published papers is given in the Select Bibliography. This selection of his papers has been chosen to avoid repeating what has been printed in his books. It reflects the wide range of his interests and shows the development of his ideas, both before and after he had completed his research for his books. Therefore these articles make a further contribution to our knowledge and understanding of these disciplines and the subjects contained in them. They also show how Donald changed from starting with scientific and technical education especially in the universities before broadening this after he had moved to Manchester by exploring how this background knowledge was disseminated between people generally. Here he recognized the crucial role of societies like the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society which became another line of research. This developed into his study of J. P. Joule and his passion for the City of Manchester. But underlying all this was Donald's grounding in physics which resulted in his publications on the development of the electrical industries and, more centrally to his work, the rise of thermodynamics.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following persons, journals, institutions and publishers for their kind permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing (I); The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (II, V, XIV, XVI, XVIII); Science History Publications Ltd. (Ill); Cambridge University Press (IV); The Johns Hopkins University Press (VI, IX); the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (VII); Mansell Publishing Ltd. (VIII); TheNewcomen Society (X, XII); Entropie (XI); Taylor & Francis Ltd. (XIII); G. L'E. Turner (XV); and UMIST (XVII).

'He is like a man which digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock'

It is unusual to start any obituary with a passage from the Bible, but the one quoted above was chosen to be read at Donald Cardwell's funeral and is particularly apposite in both its literal and metaphorical meanings. Donald started life by being born on the Rock of Gibraltar. His family returned first to Greenock (1922-28) and then to Plymouth where Donald attended Plymouth College (1929-36). They then moved to live at Croydon in the family home, designed and possibly built by his grandfather. It was probably at Croydon that Donald's life-long interest in airplanes was first roused. It was through his father that Donald was introduced to the Swiss mountains, so starting a love for rocky landscapes. Walking through those mountains changed later in his life into taking family holidays to ski down them. He was introduced to this sport by Gordon Hesling (1920-89), a life-long friend from Plymouth College days. Donald had hoped to go to Wengen again in the last year of his life That was not to be, but he was delighted with a snapshot of his small grandson on skis, showing that family traditions would be maintained. Donald's family was very important to him and was another bed-rock in his life.

After a skiing holiday, Donald would return to UMIST reinvigorated; his fund of stories would have been renewed - at the lunch table in Staff House, he would have us rocking with laughter at fresh tales of Yorkshiremen, or whatever, for he was a born raconteur, able to correctly mimic accents and other people's expressions. This lighter side of Donald's character often helped to ease an otherwise fraught situation and was the reason why he was for many years the Public Orator at UMIST Honorary Fellowship Ceremonies.