L. P. Elwell-Sutton - Modern Iran
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- Book:Modern Iran
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This volume shows the progress and achievements of Iran up to the 1940s within the setting of her ancient history and her strategic position in the world today. The author discusses Irans vital position as the dividing line between the East and the West and how Iran drew from and contributed to both these cultures, without losing her own individuality. It is this cultural influence, the author argues, rather than any political strength that has enabled her to survive. Much of the information is taken from sources not available in English or any other language other than Persian.
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L. P. Elwell-Sutton
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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
IRAN
IRAN
MODERN IRAN
MODERN IRAN
L. P. ELWELL-SUTTON
Volume 4
First published in 1941
This edition first published in 2011
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
1941 L. P. Elwell-Sutton
Printed and bound in Great Britain
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-57033-6 (Set)
eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83010-9 (Set)
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-60838-1 (Volume 4)
eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83320-9 (Volume 4)
eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83010-9 (Set)
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-60838-1 (Volume 4)
eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83320-9 (Volume 4)
Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but
points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would
welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
MOUNT DEMAVEND
MODERN IRAN
BY
L. P. ELWELL-SUTTON
Illustrated
LONDON
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LTD.
BROADWAY HOUSE: 6874 CARTER LANE, E.C.
First published 1941
Printed in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London
CONTENTS
| Routes into Iranthe Zagros RangeAzarbaijan the Kordsthe Lori and Bakhtiyari countrythe Khuzestan desertthe coastal areas and Beluchistanthe central plateau the Elborz Mountains Khorasan natural resourcesIranian racial characteristics and outlook populationminorities. |
| Early inhabitants of Iranthe Aryans the Medes and PersiansZoroasterthe Achmenidsconquest and empirethe National Epicwars with the Greeks HellenismAlexander the GreatSeleucidsParthians the ArmeniansRomethe Sasanidslanguages religious activitySasanid toleranceChristianity. |
| The Arabsoutside influencesMohammadthe Hijra his successor sconquest of Iran Aryanism and Islamprinciples of Islampolitical organisation Omayyads and Hashimitesthe Shiite splitthe Abbasids Iranian cultural and religious influencesTurksthe IsmailisSufismSeljuq TurksMongolsTamerlane Iranian literary revivalFerdosieducationthe Ottoman Empirethe SafavisShah Abbasstagnation of ShiismNadir Shah. |
| Early European contactsVenetian tradersdiversion of trade route round the Capethe Persian GulfPortuguese, Dutch and FrenchBritish supremacythe advance of Russiaencirclement of IranRussian railway construction and the Suez Canaleconomic penetration telegraph lines and railwaysconcession-huntingBabism and Bahaismweakness of Governmentintellectual progressthe Constitutiondiscovery of oilGerman ambitionsthe 1914 warGerman agentsthe collapse of RussiaGermanys defeata clear field for Britain Anglo-Persian Conventionstrength of Iranian nationalism. |
| The Russian invasionthe coup dtat of 1921the Russo-Iranian Agreementannulment of the Anglo-Persian AgreementReza Khans origins and careerhis character and outlookthe Royal Familyreorganisation of the armypacification of the tribesthe modern army and air forcethe navythe Amniy guardsgovernment of the countrythe National Assemblythe Cabinet the Senatethe Civil ServiceMinistry of the Interior administrative divisionsregistration and census-judicial systemcodesthe courts. |
| Agricultureirrigationforestryprimitive cultivation land tenure systemsland settlementagricultural productsrecent progresstransportroadshotelsrailwaysports and shippingaviationpostal, telephonic and telegraphic communicationsradioindustryindigenous craftsagricultural industriespetroleumthe A.I.O.C.labour legislationrebuilding of towns and citiesforeign trademonopoliesexchange regulations tariffscurrencybanksGovernment expenditure taxationcost of living. |
| Housingdressemancipation of womenthe Shahs speechabolition of the veilmarriage laws and outlook women in public lifechild labourpublic health foreign and Government measureswelfare and health servicescharitiesphysical trainingsports clubsboy scouts and girl guideseducationearly progressreorganisation under the Pahlavi regimeprivate schoolssecondary schoolsthe Universitystudents sent to Europe training of teacherstechnical trainingstatisticsadult educationattitude towards religion nation-worship minorities and foreignerspropagandathe press broadcasting cinemas entertainment clubs literatureartantiquitiesmusic. |
| The League of Nationscultural contactsthe great powersGreat Britaincauses of disagreementthe A.I.O.C. disputeimproved relationsthe U.S.S.R. Russo-Iranian Treaty of 1921economic troublesRussian infiltration and influenceGermanytrade relations increasing penetrationGerman propaganda in Iran Dr. GrobbaNear Eastern countriesAfghanistan Turkeyfrontier troublesIraqearly squabblesthe Saadabad Pactother Arab countriescommon interests in the Near East. |
| Anglo-Russian occupation of Iranthe Rosenberg Plan its extensionworld dominationRusso-German cooperation and conflictstrategic importance of the Near EastIranian neutralitydetermination to resist aggression predisposition in favour of Germanymemories of Anglo-Russian collaborationevents leading up to the occupation its strategic and psychological effectproblems of a postwar worldthe part we can playIrans common interests with her neighbours. |
| APPENDICES |
ILLUSTRATIONS
MAPS AND PLANS
INTRODUCTION
T HE events of the past few months have been bringing Iran more and more into the limelight. In these days history is being made so rapidly that prophecies are liable to be upset before they appear in print, and it is impossible to make any definite statements even about the present situation. In the last chapter, however, an attempt will be made to assess the political and strategic position of Iran and to indicate the general lines along which developments may be expected. But there are two factors which emerge from a study of Irans long history, and which must be continually borne in mind. In the first place, in spite of constant invasion and conquest, she has always survived intacta solid and indigestible block. Secondly, she has shown herself capable of appreciating and absorbing new ideas and new influences without impairing her own basic culture.
Both these factors are the result, it would appear, of Irans vital position as the dividing line between the East and the West. On the one side are the truly Oriental peoples of India and the Far East, with their introspective, individual attitude towards life and their capacity for passive resistance. On the other are the Semitic and European races (for the Arabs have far more in common with the West than with the East); their characteristics seem to be restlessness, aggressiveness, an urge to expand and to dominate their neighbours. Iran has drawn from and contributed to both these cultures, without in any way losing her own individuality; no doubt it has been this cultural influence rather than any political strength that has enabled her to survive. This feeling of continuity was symbolised in 1935 by the insistence on the use abroad of the name
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