Maira Rubi Segura Campos - Oncological Functional Nutrition: Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants

1. Tables in Chapter 2
2. Tables in Chapter 4
3. Tables in Chapter 5

1. Figures in Chapter 2
2. Figures in Chapter 4
3. Figures in Chapter 5

Edited by

Maira Rubi Segura Campos

Food Science Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mrida, Mexico

Armando Manuel Martin Ortega

Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mrida, Mexico

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M.R. Segura Campos , Facultad de Ingeniera Qumica, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mrida, Mxico

J.R. Caamala Cauich , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mrida, Mxico

D. Chamorro-Plata , Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anhuac-Mayab, Mxico

G.R. Fajardo-Ordua , FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mxico, Mxico

Yelda A. Leal , Centro Institucional de Capacitacion y Registro de Cancer (CICyRC), Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Merida Yucatan, Mexico

L.A. Victoria Monroy , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mrida, Mxico

A.M. Martn Ortega

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mrida, Mxico

Facultad de Ingeniera Qumica, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mrida, Mxico

Yelda A. Leal, Centro Institucional de Capacitacion y Registro de Cancer (CICyRC), Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Merida Yucatan, Mexico

The increasing number of cancer cases observed in the last decades is due in part to the epidemiological transition that has occurred in recent year as cancer has, become a global health problem, with 18.1 million new cases, 9.6 million of death related to cancer, in 2018. Several epidemiological studies have documented exogenous and endogenous factors that can influence cancer risks, such as chronic infection, genetic background, lifestyles, and obesity. Both cancer and obesity have convergence points; since the World Health Organization reported around 3.9% of total global burden cancer was attributable to excess body weight. Therefore it is necessary to join efforts for the control and prevention of both of these noncommunicable diseases.

Cancer; control; epidemiology; noncommunicable disease; obesity; prevention

).

Worldwide changes in the epidemiological profile of overweight and obesity haves been observed in the last decades; the convergence of these two chronic diseases can further exacerbate the health problem (). Furthermore, it is important to know and reduce the associated modifiable factors. The aim of this chapter is to review the epidemiological behavior of cancer among the geographical areas and the convergence of cancer and obesity that have increased significantly in the last decades, as well as to describe the factors related to cancer, emphasizing exogenous and endogenous exposure and the distribution of the protective and risk factors according to the affected site of the human body.

Epidemiology is a science that provides many tools to study the causes and effects of diseases, find means of prevention and control, and aid in generating new ideas and hypotheses. Cancer epidemiology is the branch of epidemiology concerned with the disease of cancer; in this sense, cancer epidemiology and epidemiology in general, are based on the comparison of groups of people, because the epidemiological studies are concerned not only with the people who get a disease, but also with those who do not, and in particular with how these two groups may differ. Therefore the primary units of concern are groups of people, not separate individuals; this is what differentiates epidemiology from clinical medicine. Thus epidemiology is concerned with events that occur in populations. In particular, cancer epidemiology is concerned with the study of the distribution of cancer in populations. Its goal to identify risk factors that may point toward the early introduction of effective preventive measures ().