DK - The Earth Atlas: A Pictorial Guide to Our Planet

The Illustrated by Rich ard Bonson Wri tten by Susanna van Rose

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DK LONDON DK INDIA Senior Editor Desk Editor Fleur Star Saumya Agarwal Project Art Editor M anaging Editor Gregory McCarthy S aloni Singh US Editor Managing Art Editor Jennette ElNagg ar G ovind Mittal M anaging Editor S enior Picture Researcher L indsay Kent S umedha Chopra Managing Art Editor DTP Designers Michelle Baxter S atish Gaur, Rakesh Ku mar P roduction Editor Nityanand Kumar R obert Dunn Senior Jacket Designer S enior Production Controller Suhita Dharamjit Rachel Ng S enior Jacket s Coordinator Ja cket Design Development Manager Priyanka Sharma Saddi Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre A rt Director K aren Self P ublishing Director J onathan Metcalf Consultant P rofessor Dorrik Stow FRSE F IRST EDITION S enior Art Editor Martyn Fo ote P roject Editors Laura Buller and Fran J ones A rt Editor Dorian Spencer Davies Production Shelagh Gibson M anaging Editor Susan Pe ach M anaging Art Editor Jacquie Gulliver C onsultant Keith Lye A dditional illustrations Kuo Kan g Chen, F iona Bell Currie, and Andrew Robinson. P icture researc h Joanna Thomas and Clive W eb ster. T his American Edition, 2022 F irst American Edition, 1994 P ublished in the United States by DK Publishing 1 745 Broadway , 20th Floor, New Y o rk, NY 10019 C opyright 1994, 2022 Dorling Kindersley Limited D K, a Division of Pe nguin Random House LLC 2 2 23 24 25 26 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001333067Nov /2022 A ll rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright r eserved above, no part of this publication may be r eproduced, stor ed i n or introduced into a retrieval syste m, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recor ding, or otherwise), w ithout the prior written permission of the copyright owner . P ublished in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is availabl e from the Library of Congress. I SBN 978-0-7440-6505-3 P rinted and bound in Malaysia For the c urious www.dk.com Putting the Earth in a Book Earth Is Unique Bombardment fr om Space T he Age of the Ea rth Dawn of Earth Histor y Th e Moving Crust Lines of Fi re Explosive V olcanoes Lava Eruptions Shaking the C rust Mountain Building This book was made with F or est Stewardship C ouncil cert ifi ed paper one small step in DKs commitment to a sustainable future. Fo r more informat ion go to www. dk.com/our-gr een-pledge

Con tinents C ollide Making the C rust Th e Crust Wea rs Down Layering the Land Th e Crust Changes Amazing Earth Planet W ater Th e Ocea n Floor T he Life of a River Coa stlines Undergr ound W at er Ice Regions Rivers of Ice Deserts Soil Supports Life Earth s Ingredients Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Index

How can the etire Erth be squeezed betee the pges f bk? I rder t expli h the Erth lks, this bk uses severl differet ys t sh the rud Erth flt pper . The rky uter surfe tht hums d imls live is just smll prt f the hle Erth. T uderstd the fr es tht hve shped d hged its surfe, the illustrtis i this bk smetimes ut thrugh Erth s lyers right d t its eter. I dditi, mps, phtgrphs, d digrms help sh the huge vriety f Erth s ldspes d expli h they ere reted. T gether, the elemets i this bk sh h the Erth relly rks. THE EARTH AT LAS The Americas Africa and Europe East Asia and Oceania The P acif ic Rim Four face s of the Earth Abve re fur differ et glbe vies f the Erth, eh fusig differet re. Oe f these fur fes ppers mst pge s f the bk, t give ide f the lti f the mi illustrti fr tht pge. A page explained The duble pge bel shs h the ifrmti is preseted i this bk. A itrduti gives utlie f the mst imprtt fts d ides. Mst pges feture illustrti f prtiulr ple Erth, hse t represet prtiulr gegrphil feture. Detils r e explied by smller illustrtis. Understanding the maps Eh glbe vie f the Erth iludes bx mrkig the re sh mre detiled mp. A seti f the Erth s surfe is ut frm this mp, the lifted ut d lid d ith the sky tp. This seti is fetured i the mi illustrti. Ares t sh re mrked ith dshed lie. Box marks the area shown on the map Box marks the area shown in the main illustration Middle dashed area is left out of the illustration Illustration features these two areas from the map Photographs These sh ht ldspes lk like he they re mde f the rks, r frmed by the gelgil press, desribed the duble pge. Main illustrations Differet lrs re used t sh the differet kids f rks tht ur i the ples fetured i the mi illustrtis. Captions These rk lsely ith the illustrtis t preset fts d ifrmti. Charts and diagrams Ides tht relte t the mi illustrti re fte explie d by hrts d digrms. Sme step-by-step digrms sh h ldspe s frmed. Place names help locate the illustrations. This detail shows the rock types found in this part of the Earth Small illustrations show details of landscapes related to the main illustration. 28 Making the Crust Forc es both above nd lw gund min , dy , nd ng E u in ninul yl. A pding idg, li n u i ninully ing md. Ti nw u m wy f m lni idg, n plung k in E ini uduin zn. H , ni u ml in mgm. Ti mgm i wd uf i fd ln fm ug undgund l lld plun. T my l mk k u g ni, uilding munin ng ig . Dp inid munin ng, k d nd yllizd. A munin g w, lp wn dwn nd l k f gmn g mk nw k. T p fm E k fmili: ignu, mmpi, nd dimny . THE EARTH A TLAS MAKING THE CRUST Creatio n and chan ge T l munin f Guml nd niging Glpg Ilnd illud n w pg. Sm in n u wy w p E u. T munin ng, uduin zn, i md ply f gni nd ignu k md fm mling f ld ni u. A g ni pu wd uf, ld k ug up in munin uilding d, mpd, nd yllizd fm mmpi k. Mountain rocks In munin gin, gni (ignu), dimn y , nd mmpi k mk up u id f ll k . Gal pagos T Gl pg Ilnd p f pding idg uw f Guml, in Cnl Ami. C A R I B B E A N S E A CENTRAL AMERICA Sin f Guml Sin f Glpg P A C I F I C O C E A N T il w w mu f f yp f kignu, dimn y , nd mmpii fund in gin. Coastal rocks Hug mun f dimn w wy fm ny munin nd l lin. Only dimny k fund . A tor is a craggy hill formed from the erosion of gr anite. V ixen T or (above) is in Devon, England. Granite landscape T illuin lw w m fu fund in gni lndp. T p f li n wn wy , wil ny dd f ld ln. The rising blobs of magma are called plutons. Part of a huge dome-shaped granite batholith Collapsed top of a granite pluton fil ls with water Fe eder pipe for a long-extinct, eroded volcano Old volcano erodes to reveal hard lava plug T or left after part of the batholith erodes Range rocks Inid yung munin ng, lm ll k i ignu mmpi k. Granite batholith A plun l lwly mny millin f y fm gni. Nw l f mgm my ml gni ldy ld. Edge rocks Fund dg f ninn ignu k, nd mmpi k md fm m. At spreading ridges, basaltic magma wells up to the surface and cry stallizes. Layers of lava spill out on the ocean floor , making new crust, while some magma cools below . Basalt islands T Glpg Ilnd uil y li k, md n pding idg y mgm iing fm mnl. Island rocks On lni ilnd, m f k i ignu, u i m dimny k fund. Ridge rocks A pding idg, lm ll f k i ignu, wi m dimny k. Crust destroyed A uduin zn, u Middl Ami T n, li ni u g k in E mnl. T dimn n p f u my pd ff jin dg f ninn. These tall basalt columns formed when the inside of an old lava flow slowly c ooled and shrank, cracking into pencil shapes Lava flows A nw l flw d liff f l lumn. T mln l m inid winkld kin f l l, pd f up 30 mp (50 km/). A i l, l lw dwn. Basaltic Iandscape T illuin n ig w m f fu f y pil li lndp. Flw f l l pill dwnill, ld w nw kd in lumn. On lnd, l pd u in , wi my uild up in ly. T upp p f l w uully d in lklik lump f l. T w wy lily quikly , fming i il, wi my ddi in l . The roc k cyc le T k yl i w k ng, n in n. A impl digm f yl i wn n ig. Ignu k, f xmpl, fm wn mgm l undgund. Ty n l fm wn l pilld u f ln l n uf. Ignu k dd nd wd mk ly d dimny k. In munin ng, k ng du nd pu nd ylliz m mmpi k. T i n ginning nd yl, nd nfmin my k mny millin f y. Step in the landscape New sea floor at spreading ridge Basaltic rocks go into the mantle and start to remelt at 62 miles (100 km) down Clouds of ash and dust are thrown into the atmosphere A volcano erupts lava and ash Igneous rock is weathered and eroded Ash and grains of rock are dumped in layers Some sedimentary and metamorphic rock wears away to form new layers These layers are squeezed and hardened into rock Heat and pressure may recry stallize rock into other rock Rock that is heated enough may melt to make new magma Rock melts to form magma Plutonic igneous rock forms when magma cools and hardens under the ground Magma rises to the Earth s surface and erupts in a volcano as lava Igneous rock Extrusive igneous rock forms when erupted lava cools Igneous rock Metamorphic rock S i e r r a M a d r e M t s G U A T E M A L A M I D D L E A M E R I C A T R E N C H pAcif ic ocEAn GALpAGos isLAnds c o L o n r i d G E Sedimentary rock i G n E o U s M E T A M o r p h i c s E d i M E n T A r y