Charles Plummer - The Life and Times of Alfred the Great

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THE LIFE AND TIMES
OF
ALFRED THE GREAT

C. PLUMMER

---

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK

---

THE LIFE AND TIMES
OF
ALFRED THE GREAT

BEING THE FORD LECTURES FOR 1901

BY
CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A.
FELLOW AND CHAPLAIN OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD

WITH AN APPENDIX

Drawing of both sides of a coin of King Alfred

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1902

[All rights reserved]

OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

---

TO THE
Rev. JOHN EARLE, M.A.
RAWLINSONIAN PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
THESE LECTURES
ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
BY HIS
FRIEND AND FORMER PUPIL
THE AUTHOR

---

PREFACE

The present work contains the lectures delivered by me on the Ford foundation in Michaelmas Term, 1901. The lectures are printed substantially as they were delivered, with the exception that certain passages which were shortened or omitted in delivery owing to want of time are now given in full.

In the notes will be found the authorities and arguments on which the conclusions of the text are based. The notes occupy a rather large proportion of the book, because I wished to spare my audience, as far as possible, the discussion of technical details.

I have not thought it necessary to recast the form of the lectures. The personal style of address, naturally employed by a lecturer to his audience, is retained in addressing the larger audience to which I now appeal.

The objects which I have aimed at in the lectures are sufficiently explained at the beginning and end of the lectures themselves, and need not be further enlarged on here.

In many ways the lectures would no doubt have been improved, if I had been able to make use of Mr. Stevensons long-expected edition of Asser. On the other hand there may be advantages in the fact that Mr. Stevenson and myself have worked in perfect independence of one another.

I am sorry that I have had to speak unfavourably of some of the recent Alfred literature which has come under my notice. I am a little jealous for the honour of English).

I have, as usual, to thank all the officials of the Clarendon Press, especially my friend Mr. C. E. Doble, for the interest and care which they have bestowed upon the work; and I must also thank the Delegates for so kindly undertaking the publication of it. The help which I have received in reference to various points is acknowledged in the book itself.

For the map I am indebted to the skill of Mr. B. V. Darbishire.

In the Dedication I have tried to express the gratitude which I owe for the friendship and intellectual sympathy of some quarter of a century.

Finally I would record my great obligations to the electors to the Ford Lectureship for the distinguished honour which they did me in appointing me to the post without any solicitation on my part.

Corpus Christi College, Oxford ,
March 10, 1902.

---

CONTENTS

PAGE

Dedication

Preface

List of Abbreviations

Key to Names on Map

Introductory

Lecture I. The Sources

Lecture II. The Sources (continued)

Lecture III. The Life of Alfred prior to his Accession to the Throne

Lecture IV. Alfreds Campaigns against the Danes; Civil Administration

Lecture V. Civil Administration (continued); Education; Literary Works

Lecture VI. Literary Works (continued); Summary and Conclusion

Appendix. Sermon on the Death of Queen Victoria

Addenda

Index

Map of Alfreds Campaigns

---

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AA. SS. = Acta Sanctorum, the great Bollandist Collection.

Ang. Sac. = Anglia Sacra, ed. Wharton.

Ann. Camb. = Annales Cambriae, M. H. B.; R. S.; and (more correctly) in Y Cymmrodor, vol. ix.

Ann. Wint. = Annales Wintonienses, R. S.

Asser. The edition in M. H. B. has been chiefly used, the pages of Wises edition being given in brackets; a new edition by Mr. W. H. Stevenson is expected shortly.

Bede. For the Latin Text of the Hist. Eccl. my own edition is referred to; for the Anglo-Saxon Translation Millers edition, E. E. T. S., is generally referred to, though Schippers edition, Bibliothek d. angelschsischen Prosa, is occasionally cited.

Birch = Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum.

Blostman or Blooms = Alfreds translation of the Soliloquies of St. Augustine; for editions see pp. 128, 194.

Boethius, Alfreds translation of, ed. Sedgefield, with Modern English rendering by the same; both at the Clarendon Press.

Bromton = Chronicon Johannis Bromton in vol. i of Twysdens Decem Scriptores.

Brut = Brut y Tywysogion, M. H. B.; R. S.; also ed. J. Gwenogfryn Evans in vol. ii of the Red Book of Hergest.

Capgrave = Capgraves Chronicle of England, ed. Hingeston, R. S.

C. E., see Green.

Chron., see Sax. Chron.

Cura Pastoralis = Pope Gregorys treatise on the Pastoral Care; Alfreds translation, ed. Sweet, E. E. T. S.

Dict. Christ. Biog. = Dictionary of Christian Biography.

Dict. Nat. Biog. = Dictionary of National Biography.

Ducange = Ducange, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis, 4to, 1884-7.

E. E. T. S. = Early English Text Society.

E. H. S. = English Historical Society.

Essays. For the work quoted by this title, .

E. T. = English Translation.

Ethelw. = Ethelwerdi Chronica, ed. M. H. B.

Flor. = Florence of Worcester, ed. Thorpe, E. H. S.; also in M. H. B.

Gaimar = Lestorie des Engles solum Geffrei Gaimar, ed. Martin, 2 vols., R. S.; also in M. H. B.

G. P. = William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum, ed. Hamilton, R. S.

G. R. = Gesta Regum, see W. M.

Green, C. E. = J. R. Green, The Conquest of England.

H. E. = Historia Ecclesiastica, see Bede.

H. H. = Henry of Huntingdon, ed. T. Arnold, R. S.

Ingulf = Ingulfi Historia Croylandensis, in Fulmans Scriptores, vol. i.

K. C. D. = Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus Aeui Saxonici, 6 vols., E. H. S.

Laamon = Laamons Brut, ed. Sir F. Madden, 3 vols., 1847.

Lib. de Hyda = Liber Monasterii de Hyda, ed. Edwards, R. S.

M. H. B. = Monumenta Historica Britannica, vol. i (all published).

Migne, Pat. Lat. = Migne, Patrologia Latina.

Muratori = Muratori, Scriptores Rerum Italicarum.

Orosius, Alfreds Translation of, ed. Sweet, E. E. T. S.

Pertz = Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, folio series.

R. S. = Rolls Series.

R. W. = Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe, E. H. S.

Sax. Chron. = Saxon Chronicle; except where otherwise indicated, my own edition is referred to.

S. C. H. = Stubbs Constitutional History, cabinet edition, 3 vols., 1874-8.

Schmid, Gesetze = Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, von Dr. Reinhold Schmid, 1858.

S. D. = Simeon of Durham, ed. T. Arnold, R. S. (For the meaning of the symbols S. D. and S. D., .)

Soliloquies, see Blostman.

Thorn = Chronica Gul. Thorn, in Twysden, Decem Scriptores.

W. M. = William of Malmesbury; except where otherwise stated the Gesta Regum is meant; ed. Stubbs, R. S.

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