Gregory Flynn - NATOs Northern Allies: The National Security Policies of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: COLD WAR SECURITY STUDIES

Volume 31

NATOS NORTHERN ALLIES

First published in 1985 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2021

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor &. Francis Group, an informa business

1985 The Atlantic Institute for International Affairs

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-367-56630-2 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-00-312438-2 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-60858-3 (Volume 31) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-00-310075-1 (Volume 31) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

NATOS NORTHERN ALLIES

The National Security Policies of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway

Edited by
Gregory Flynn

An Atlantic Institute for International Affairs Research Volume

ROWMAN &. ALLANHELD

Published in the United States of America in 1985

by Rowman &. Allanheld, Publishers

(a division of Litdefield, Adams &. Company)

81 Adams Drive, Totowa, New Jersey 07512

Copyright 1985 by the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Main entry under title:

NATOs northern allies.

(An Atlantic Institute for International Affairs

research volume)

1. Europe, NorthernNational securityAddresses,

essays, lectures. 2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Flynn, Gregory.

II. Series.

UA646.85.N371985355.0330485-14510

ISBN 0-8476-7444-4

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

NATOs northern allies: the national security policies of

Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway.(An

Atlantic Institute for International Affairs research

volume)

1. EuropeNational security

I. Flynn, Gregory II. Series

327.094 UA646

ISBN 0-7099-1051-7

85 86 87 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l

Printed in the United States of America

Contents

Richard D. Vine: Director General, Atlantic Institute for International Affairs

Dr. Gregory Flynn: Director of International Studies, Atlantic Institute for International Affairs

Professor Luc Reychler: University of Leuven

Denmarks Quest for Security: Constraints and Opportunities Within the Alliance

Professor Martin Heisler: Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland

The Netherlands Depillarized: Security Policy in a New Domestic Context

Jan G. Siccama: Netherlands Institute for International Relations

Norwegian Security Policy: Defense and Nonprovocation in a Changing Context

Mr. Arne Olav Brundtland: Senior Research Fellow, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

The Scandilux Connection: Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway in Comparative Perspective

Dr. Josef Joffe: Foreign Editor, Sddeutsche Zeitung

Lilliputs and Gulliver: Small States in a Great-Power Alliance

Dr. Johan J. Holst: Director, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

1. 2 Denmarks Quest for Security: Constraints and Opportunities Within the Alliance
2. 3 The Netherlands Depillarized: Security Policy in a New Domestic Context
3. 4 Norwegian Security Policy: Defense and Nonprovocation in a Changing Context
4. 5 The Scandilux Connection: Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway in Comparative Perspective
5. 6 Lilliputs and Gulliver: Small States in a Great-Power Alliance

1. xix

Guide

Table

2.1 Military Expenditures: Per Capita, Per Capita Armed Service Personnel, and as a Percent of GNP

2.2 Levels of Support for Danish Membership in NATO

2.3 Composition of Danish Opinion on NATO Membership, 1981

2.4 Public Support for the Danish Defense Effort

2.5 Composition of Opinion on Defense Expenditures

2.6 Should Defense Expenditures Be Exempt from a General Cut in Public Spending?

2.7 Changes in Military Expenditures and Armed Forces, 19701980: Selected NATO Members

2.8 Military Manpower, 19601982

2.9 Military Manpower: Distribution by Service

3.1 Support for Netherlands Membership of NATO

3.2 Do you think that Western Europe needs a military counterweight to Russia and the other countries of Eastern Europe, or is there no need for such a counterweight?

3.3 The armed forces are

3.4 Expectation That a World War Will Break Out Within the Next Ten Years

3.5 Religion Adhered to by Respondents

3.6 Religion Adhered to and Support for IKV

3.7 Total Defense Expenditures of the Netherlands Deflated by the Index for Consumer Prices

3.8 Defense Expenditures as a Percentage of Federal Spending and Gross Domestic Product

3.9 Breakdown of Government Expenditures: Comparison Between 1974 and 1984

3.10 Military Personnel

3.11 Breakdown of the Defense Budget by Percentages

Appendix Table 3.1 A Percentage Breakdown of Seats in the Second Chamber by Political Party 194682

Appendix Table 3.2 Current Defense Efforts

Appendix Table 3.3 Defense Goals and Subgoals

4.1 The Need for Military Defense

4.2 Support for NATO Membership

4.3 Defense Spending in Norway

4.4 Norwegian Armed Forces

5.1 Economic, Defense, and Population Statistics

5.2 Sharing the Burden: Defense, Budgets, and the Economy

5.3 Better Red than Dead?

5.4 Better Red than Dead? The Case of the Netherlands

6.1 Burden Sharing in NATO (and Japan), 1980: Selected Indicators

Figure

Over the last decade, the countries on the northern periphery of NATO have conducted intense debate on Alliance policy and membership. Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norwayall founder members of the Alliancehave experienced high levels of domestic dissent in recent years, in contrast to the high levels of consensus characterized by the earlier postwar period. The study on which this book is based examines this change in public opinion and its implications for the Alliance.

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