Madeline Manoukian - The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast: Western Africa Part VI

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ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF AFRICA

Volume 36

The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast

First published in 1952 by the International African Institute

This edition first published in 2017

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1952 International African Institute

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-23217-4 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-315-30463-2 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-23938-8 (Volume 36) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-23940-1 (Volume 36) (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-29597-8 (Volume 36) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Publishers note

Due to modern production methods, it has not been possible to reproduce all the charts which appeared in the original book. Please go to www.routledge.com/Ethnographic-Survey-of-Africa/Forde/p/book/9781138232174 to view them.

ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF AFRICA

EDITED BY DARYLL FORDE

WESTERN AFRICA

PART VI

The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast

BY
MADELINE MANOUKIAN

LONDON
INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN INSTITUTE
1952

This study is one section of the Ethnographic Survey of Africa which the International African Institute is preparing with the aid of a grant made by the Secretary of State, under the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts, on the recommendation of the Colonial Social Science Research Council.

PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY
HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, L TD
LONDON AND AYLESBURY

T HE preparation of a comprehensive survey of the tribal societies of Africa was discussed by the Executive Council of the Institute as far back as 1937, but the interruption of its activities during the war resulted in the postponement of the project. Events and developments during recent years, however, have led to a wide recognition of the need for collating and making more generally available the wealth of existing but uncoordinated material on the ethnic groupings and social conditions of African peoples, particularly in connection with plans for economic and social development. Moreover, it appeared that the International African Institute, as an international body which has received support from and performed services for the different Colonial governments, was in a very favourable situation for undertaking such a task.

The Institute, therefore, in 1944, applied to the recently established British Colonial Social Science Research Council for a grant from the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund to finance the preparation of an Ethnographic Survey of Africa, and a grant was allocated for a period of five years from 1945, and was subsequently extended for a further period of three years. A committee, under the Chairmanship of Professor Radcliffe-Brown, was appointed to consider the scope and form of the survey, and collaboration was established with research institutions in South Africa, Rhodesia, East Africa, French West Africa, Belgium and the Belgian Congo.

The aim of the Ethnographic Survey is to provide a concise, critical, and accurate account of our present knowledge of the tribal groupings, distribution, physical environment, social conditions, political and economic structure, religious beliefs and cult practices, technology and arts of African peoples. The material will be presented as briefly and on as consistent a plan as possible, and the text will be supplemented by maps and comprehensive bibliographies.

The Ethnographic Survey is being published as a series of separate, self-contained studies, each devoted to one particular people or cluster of peoples. It is hoped that publication in this form will make the results more quickly and readily available to those interested in specific areas or groups. A list of the sections which have already appeared is given on pages 62 and 63.

Since the unequal value and the generally unsystematic nature of the available information constituted a chief reason for undertaking this survey, it will be obvious that the material here presented can make no claim to be complete or definitive. Every effort has been made, however, to scrutinise the available literature and to check it by reference to unpublished sources and to workers actually in the field; thus it is intended to present a clear picture of our existing knowledge and to point out the directions in which the need for further studies is most pressing. Any assistance from those who are in a position to remedy deficiencies and correct inaccuracies by providing supplementary material will be greatly appreciated.

The International African Institute expresses its thanks to the many scholars, research workers, administrative officers, and missionaries in Europe and Africa who have so generously responded to our requests for information and who have spared time to correct and supplement the drafts. Our thanks are specially due to Miss Barbara Ward, who generously allowed us to make use of the unpublished thesis which embodies the results of her field study of the Ewe-speaking people and on which considerable portions of the present study have been based; to Mr. Braunholtz and Mr. Fagg, of the British Museum, to M. Mercier, and to Mr. J. Berry for their valuable help. The author desires also to express her thanks to Miss Gabriele Gutkind for her very valuable help with the German material.

D ARYLL F ORDE ,
Director ,
International African Institute.

Contents

M AP

The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast

The Ewe-speaking people inhabit the southern part of Togoland in both British and French Trusteeship territories, and the south-east comer of the Gold Coast Colony, their territory now being divided approximately in the proportion of four-fifths to one-fifth between French and British administration. Though Ewe immigrants are to be found to-day in increasing numbers in the towns and cocoa-growing areas of the Gold Coast, west of the Volta River, they themselves think of their homeland (referred to hereafter by the modern Ewe term Eweland) as lying between that river and the Mono, about 100 miles to the east, and stretching for about thirty to eighty miles inland. This territory includes the south-east fringe of the main mountain range, the western hills, the central plain and the coastal strip of South Togoland.

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