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Thomas J. Kelly - Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module

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Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module: summary, description and annotation

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Chief engineer Thomas J. Kelly gives a firsthand account of designing, building, testing, and flying the Apollo lunar module. It was, he writes, an aerospace engineers dream job of the century. Kellys account begins with the imaginative process of sketching solutions to a host of technical challenges with an emphasis on safety, reliability, and maintainability. He catalogs numerous test failures, including propulsion-system leaks, ascent-engine instability, stress corrosion of the aluminum alloy parts, and battery problems, as well as their fixes under the ever-present constraints of budget and schedule. He also recaptures the exhilaration of hearing Apollo 11s Neil Armstrong report that The Eagle has landed, and the pride of having inadvertently provided a vital lifeboat for the crew of the disabled Apollo 13.

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Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series

Dominick A. Pisano and Allan A. Needell, Series Editors

Since the Wright brothers first flight, air and space technologies have been central in creating the modern world. Aviation and spaceflight have transformed our livesour conceptions of time and distance, our daily routines, and the conduct of exploration, business, and war. The Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series publishes substantive works that further our understanding of these transformations in their social, cultural, political, and military contexts.

2001 by Thomas J Kelly All rights reserved Copy editor Karin Kaufman - photo 1

2001 by Thomas J. Kelly
All rights reserved

Copy editor: Karin Kaufman
Production editor: Robert A. Poarch
Designer: Chris Hotvedt

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kelly, Thomas J., 1929
Moon lander: how we developed the Apollo lunar module / Thomas J. Kelly.
p. cm. (Smithsonian history of aviation and spaceflight series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58834-273-7
1. Lunar excursion module. 2. Project Apollo (U.S.). I. Title. II. Series.
TL795.K45 2001
629.44dc21 00-063728

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available

This is an electronic release (eISBN: 978-1-58834-361-1) of the original cloth edition

For permission to reproduce illustrations appearing in this book, please correspond directly with the owners of the works, as listed in the individual captions. Smithsonian Books does not retain reproduction rights for these illustrations individually or maintain a file of addresses for photo sources.

www.smithsonianbooks.com

v3.1_r1

To Joan, whose loving support made my lunar adventure possible.

Contents
Illustrations

Lunar module proposal design

Reaction control system configuration

Lunar modules ascent stage

Lunar modules crew compartment

Lunar modules descent stage

Final lunar module design

NASA officials view lunar module mockup

Tom Kelly in his office, 1965

Lunar modules weight history

Mated lunar module in final assembly

Micrometeorite and thermal shields

Tom Kelly and Dick McLaughlin at LM-1 delivery

Supporting Apollo 11 in the Spacecraft; Analysis Room

Celebrating the Apollo 11 Moon landing

Acronyms
AcronymFull NameDefinition
ACEAutomated checkout equipmentComputerized system for testing spacecraft
AEAAbort electronics assemblyComputer used in AGS
AGSAbort guidance systemBackup guidance and control in LM
AIAAAmerican Institute of AeronauticsAerospace engineering professional society and Astronautics
ALSEPApollo lunar surface experimentsExperiments deployed on the lunar surface package
AMPTFApollo Mission Planning TaskPrepared mission plans (time lines) and the Force design reference mission
APSAscent propulsion systemAscent rocket engine and tanks
ASAAbort sensor assemblyInertial reference sensors for AGS
ASDTPApollo Spacecraft Development Test PlanOverall program test plan
ASPOApollo Spacecraft Program OfficeNASA-Houston program management group for the Apollo spacecraft
ATCAAttitude and translation controlFlight-maneuver hand controllers assembly
BAFOBest and final offerContractors last offer in competition
CARRCustomer Acceptance Readiness ReviewFormal review authorizing spacecraft delivery to NASA
CDRCritical Design ReviewApproval of detailed design
CMCommand moduleLaunch and reentry spacecraft
CRTCathode ray tubeMonitor for computer processed data
CSMCommand/service modulesCM and SM mated
DECADescent engine control assemblyDescent-engine controller
DEDAData entry and display assemblyAGS data entry keyboard
DFIDevelopment flight instrumentationAdded measurements for engineering data
DODDepartment of DefenseU.S. Department of Defense
DPSDescent propulsion systemDescent rocket motor and tanks
DRDiscrepancy reportChits written against problems during reviews and flights
DRMDesign reference missionTypical mission plan and time line to establish design requirements
ECSEnvironmental control systemOxygen and thermal control
EMIElectromagnetic interferenceUnintended electrical or magnetic signal distortion
EOEngineering orderDocumentation authorizing drawing changes
EOREarth-orbit rendezvousMission mode with two Earth launches and rendezvous and assembly in Earth orbit
EPSElectrical power systemBatteries and power distribution
ETRBExecutive and Technical Review BoardCorporate oversight board for LM
EVAExtravehicular activitySpacewalks outside the spacecraft
FITHFire in the holeIgniting LM ascent engine atop the descent stage
FTAFlammability test articleBoilerplate LM cabin for flammability tests
GNCGuidance, navigation, and controlGuidance and attitude system control
ICDInterface control documentDrawings/specifications defining interfaces between spacecraft
IFMIn-flight maintenanceComponent replacement in flight
ISSInternational Space StationLarge space station produced by NASA and an international team
KSCKennedy Space CenterLaunch site at Cape Canaveral, Florida
L/DLift-to-drag ratioIndex of aerodynamic maneuvering capability
LEMLunar excursion moduleNASAs early name for the lunar module
LESLaunch escape systemEscape rocket atop CM at launch
LGCLM guidance computerComputer for LM guidance and control
LMLunar moduleLunar landing spacecraft
LMPLM mission programmerSpecial programmer for controlling unmanned LM flight
LMSLM mission simulatorGround-based LM flight simulator
LORLunar-orbit rendezvousMission mode in which LM rendezvous with CM in lunar orbit
LRVLunar roving vehicleElectric-powered car used on later missions
LTALM test articleFull-scale, partially equipped LM for special tests
LTMLM test modelReduced-scale test model LM or components
MCCMission Control CenterRoom in NASA-Houston where the flight director and controllers directed flight missions
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