Jabbari - Handbook of Biomimetics and Bioinspiration

Handbook of Biomimetics and Bioinspiration

Bioinspired Materials

World Scientific Series in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Series Editor-in-Chief: Frans Spaepen (Harvard University, USA)

Handbook of Biomimetics and Bioinspiration

Bioinspired Materials

Edited by

Esmaiel Jabbarieditor-in-chief

University of South Carolina, USA

Deok-Ho Kim

University of Washington, USA

Luke P Lee

University of California, Berkeley, USA

Amir Ghaemmaghami

University of Nottingham, UK

Ali Khademhosseini

Harvard University, USA & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Published by

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of biomimetics and bioinspiration : biologically-driven engineering of materials, processes, devices, and systems / by Esmaiel Jabbari (University of South Carolina, USA), Deok-Ho Kim (University of Washington, USA), Luke P Lee (University of California, Berkeley, USA), Amir Ghaemmaghami (University of Nottingham, UK) & Ali Khademhosseini (Harvard University, USA & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA).
volumes cm -- (World Scientific Series in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, ISSN 2301-301X; Vol. 9)
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-9814354929 (set) -- ISBN 978-9814354943 (Vol. 1) -- ISBN 978-9814354950 (Vol. 2) -- ISBN 978-9814354967 (Vol. 3)

1. Biomimicry--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Bionics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Biomimetics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Jabbari, E. (Esmaiel), editor of compilation. II. Kim, Deok-Ho, editor of compilation. III. Lee, Luke P., editor of compilation. IV. Ghaemmaghami, Amir, editor of compilation. V. Khademhosseini, Ali, editor of compilation.
TA164.H355 2014
620.82--dc23

2013035771

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.

In-house Editors: Amanda Yun/Dipasri Sardar

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Printed in Singapore

Nature is by far the worlds greatest engineer and materials scientist. We can learn from this great source novel technology to develop new materials and devices with a diverse range of applications and to repair and replace human tissue, bone, and organ. The potential of Biomimetics is nearly unlimited.

This three-volume set brings together contributions from an international group of distinguished scientists and engineers in the areas of Bioinspired Materials, Electromechanical systems, and Tissue Engineering. Edited by faculty from top research groups in the US and UK, this reference on Biomimetics is an invaluable resource providing a comprehensive coverage of the latest advances in this important area of great value for scientists, engineers, and physicians working at the intersection of biology, life sciences, and materials.

Joel R. Fried,
Professor and Chair, College of Engineering, Florida A&M and Florida State Universities

Nature has evolved over millions of years to create matter with amazing complexity. Nowhere this complexity is more apparent than in plants and animals: non-sticking self-cleaning lotus leaves, the lizards ability to walk on walls without falling down, walking ability of water strider on the water surface, self-healing of earthworm, or water collecting ability of desert beetles, to name a few. Biomimetics goes back to the time of Leonardo da Vinci who made sketches of bird-mimetic flying machines (Leonardo da Vinci, Wikipedia). The Wright brothers were inspired by the flight of birds to design, build, and fly the first aircraft in 1903 (Wright Brothers, Wikipedia). Thirty-four years later in 1937, Otto H. Schmitt noticed partial or variable conduction along the giant squid axons by non-linear responses from a nerve much too depressed to conduct (Otto H. Schmitt, Wikipedia). Based on that observation, he invented a biomimetic thermionic trigger (Schmitt trigger) to remove noise from electrical signals in circuit boards. As a biophysicist, he focused on device technologies that mimic natural or biological systems and eventually coined the term biomimetics in 1957 as an approach to problems in biological science utilizing the technology of physical science. Later in 1941, George de Mestral during a hunting trip became curious when the burdock burrs kept sticking to his cloth and his dogs fur (George de Mestral, Wikipedia). He observed an array of hook-like structures on the burrs surface when he examined them under the microscope. Based on that observation, he invented the biomimetic Velcro fasteners in 1948 and formed a successful company around that idea. Subsequently in 1958, Jack E. Steele who investigated stress effects of motion, sound, and wind on human body at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base introduced the term bionics as the science of systems, which have some function copied from nature (Jack E. Steel, Wikipedia). Today the term biomimetics and bioinspiration is the science of nature and living systems for the development of sustainable technologies, leading to highly efficient, reliable, environmentally responsive materials, devices, and systems. Biomimetics and bioinspiration is one of the most revolutionary scientific fields of the 21st century with seven-fold increase in scientific activity in the last 10 years. A keyword search of biomimetic shows about 6000 or more articles, compared to 1500 in the year 2010 and 300 in 2000. Biomimetics and bioinspiration are poised to impact all segments of the economy from engineering materials and electronic products to healthcare and waste management, transportation, energy, and food production. It is expected that biomimetic market share to grow to a trillion dollar in 15 years (http://bioinspiration.sandiegozoo.org/content/economic-impact).