James Croll - Stellar Evolution: And Its Relations To Geological Time

There are two, and only two, conceivable sources from which the prodigious amount of energy possessed by our sun and solar system can possibly have been derived. Not only are these two sources radically distinct in their essential nature, but both are admitted to be real and not merely hypothetical sources of energy. The one source is gravitation; the other, the source discussed in the present volume, a source to which attention was directed some twenty years ago. A most important distinction between these two sources is this: the amount of energy available from the former can be accurately determined, but such is not the case in regard to the latter. We can tell with tolerable certainty the greatest amount of energy which gravitation could possibly have conferred on the sun and solar system; but we have, at present, no means of assigning a limit to the possible amount which might have been derived from the other source. It may have been equal to that which gravitation could afford, or it may have been twofold, fourfold, or even tenfold that amount.

We have evidently in this case a means of determining which of the two sources will ultimately have to be adopted as the source to which the energy of our solar system must be referred. For if it can be proved from the admitted facts of geology, biology, and other sciences, that the amount of energy in the form of heat which has been radiated into space by the sun during geological time is far greater than the amount which could possibly have been derived from gravitation, this will undoubtedly show that gravitation cannot account for the energy originally possessed by our system.

The First Part of the volume is devoted to the consideration of what I believe to be the probable origin of meteorites, comets, and nebul, and of the real source from which our sun derived his energy. The facts which support the theory here advocated, together with the light which that theory appears to cast upon those facts, are next considered; and it will be found, I think, that the theory has been very much strengthened by the recent important spectroscopic researches of Mr. Lockyer and others in reference to the constitution of nebul. The Second Part of the work deals with the evidence in support of the theory derived from the testimony of geology and biology as to the age of the suns heat. The Third, and last, Part has been devoted to questions relating to the pre-nebular condition of the universe, and the bearing which these have on theories of stellar evolution. Several subjects introduced in this part are only very briefly treated. These will, however, be considered at greater length in a future volume, Determinism, not Force, the Foundation-stone of Evolution, a work of a more general and abstract character, which was commenced many years ago.

Perth : January 2, 1889.

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CONTENTS.

PART I.

THE IMPACT THEORY OF STELLAR EVOLUTION.

PAGE

Consideration of the Facts which support the Theory, and of the Light which the Theory appears to cast upon the Facts

I. Probable Origin of Meteorites

II. Motion of the Stars; how of such different velocities, and always in straight lines

III. Motion of the Stars not due to their mutual attractions

IV. Probable Origin of Comets

V. Nebul

1. Origin of Nebul

2. How Nebul occupy so much space

3. Why Nebul are of such various shapes

4. Broken fragments in a Gaseous mass of an excessively high temperature the First stage of a Nebula

5. The Gaseous condition the Second stage of a Nebula

6. The Gaseous condition Essential to the Nebular Hypothesis

7. The mass must have possessed an excessive temperature

8. Gravitation could, under no possible condition, have generated the Amount of Heat required by the Nebular Hypothesis

9. Condensation the Third and last stage of a Nebula

10. How Nebul emit such feeble Light

VI. Binary Systems

VII. Sudden Outbursts of Stars

VIII. Star Clusters

IX. Age of the Suns Heat: a Crucial Test

PART II.

EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE THEORY

FROM THE AGE OF THE SUNS HEAT.

Testimony of Geology and Biology as to the Age of the Suns Heat

Testimony of Geology: Method employed

The Average Rate of Denudation in the Past probably not much greater than at the Present

How the Method has been applied

Method as applied by Professor Haughton

Method as applied by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace

Method as applied directly

Evidence from faults

Time required to effect the foregoing amount of Denudation

Age of the Earth as determined by the Date of the Glacial Epoch

Testimony of Biology

PART III.

EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE THEORY

FROM THE PRE-NEBULAR CONDITION OF

THE UNIVERSE.

Professor A. Winchell on the pre-nebular condition of matter

Mr. Charles Morris on the pre-nebular condition of matter

Sir William R. Grove on the pre-nebular condition of matter

Evolution of the Chemical Elements, and its Relations to Stellar Evolution

Sir Benjamin Brodie on the pre-nebular condition of matter

Dr. T. Sterry Hunt on the pre-nebular condition of matter

Professor Oliver Lodge on the pre-nebular condition of matter

Mr. William Crookes on the pre-nebular condition of matter