Biswanath Paul - Industrial Electronics and Control

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL

Including

Programmable Logic Controller

THIRD EDITION

BISWANATH PAUL

Department of Electrical Engineering

Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic

Jadavpur

West Bengal Technical Education

Kolkata

Delhi-110092

2014

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL Including Programmable Logic Controller Third Edition

Biswanath Paul

2014 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4990-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Twelfth Printing (Third Edition) July, 2014

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.

I offer this work to the love of my parents

Late Shri Anil Bandhu Paul

and

Smt. Chinmoyee Paul

Contents

xix

xxi

xxiii

1.1Introduction

1.2Power Supply

1.3Rectifier

1.3.1Half-wave Rectifier

1.3.2Full-wave Rectifier Using Centre-tap Transformer

1.3.3Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

1.4Performance Parameters of Power Supplies

1.4.1Rectifier Efficiency or Ratio of Rectification

1.4.2Utilisation Factor of a Transformer

1.4.3Peak Inverse Voltage (P.I.V.) or Peak Reverse Voltage (P.R.V.)

1.4.4Voltage Regulation

1.4.5Line Regulation or Source Regulation

1.4.6Load Regulation

1.4.7Thermal Regulation

1.4.8Temperature Stability

1.4.9Maximum Power Dissipation

1.4.10Ripple Rejection

1.4.11Stabilisation Factor

1.4.12Ripple Factor

1.5Comparison of Rectifier Circuits (with Resistive Load)

1.6Filtering

1.6.1Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)

1.6.2Inductor Filter (Series Inductor Filter)

1.6.3Choke Input Filter ( lc Filter)

1.6.4Pi ( p ) Filter or CLC Filter

1.7Function of a Bleeder Resistor in Filter Circuits

1.8Voltage Multipliers

1.8.1Half-wave Voltage Doubler

1.8.2Full-wave Voltage Doubler

1.9Regulated Power Supply

1.9.1Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

1.9.2Transistorised Series Voltage Regulator or Feedback Regulator

1.9.3Transistorised Series Voltage Regulator Using 741 IC Op-amp
(Op-amp Voltage Regulator)

1.9.4Transistorised Shunt Voltage Regulator

1.9.5The 723/723C Voltage Regulator

1.10Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators

1.10.1Three-terminal Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator (LM78xx)

1.10.2Three-terminal Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulator (LM78xx)

1.10.3Three-terminal Current Regulator Using LM78xx

1.10.4Three-terminal Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator (LM79xx)

1.10.5Additional Protection of Thermal Overload by Using External Pass Transistor for the 78xx Series

1.10.6Current Limiting Circuit for the 78xx Series Voltage Regulators

1.11Switching Regulator or Switched Mode Power Supply ( Smps )

1.12Comparison of Linear Power Supply and Smps

1.13Switch Mode Converter

1.13.1Flyback Converter

1.13.2Buck Converter or Forward Converter or Step-down Converter (Regulator)

1.13.3Boost Converter or Step-up Converter (Regulator)

1.13.4Buck-boost Converter (Regulator)

1.13.5Cuk Converter or Regulator

1.13.6Comparison of Buck, Boost, and Buck-boost Regulators

1.13.73524 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Voltage Regulator

Multiple Choice Questions

True or False Statements

Review Questions

Problems

5999

2.1Introduction

2.1.1EbersMoll Model

2.2Differential Amplifier

2.2.1Double-Ended Input and Double-Ended Output Differential Amplifier

2.2.2Single-Ended Input and Double-Ended Output Differential Amplifier

2.2.3Double-Ended Input and Single-Ended Output Differential
Amplifier

2.2.4Single-Ended Input and Single-Ended Output Differential
Amplifier

2.3Difference Mode and Common Mode Signals

2.4DC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier

2.5Different Terminologies of Differential Amplifiers

2.5.1Tail Current of a Differential Amplifier

2.5.2Input Bias Current of a Differential Amplifier

2.5.3Input Offset Current of a Differential Amplifier

2.5.4Input Impedance of a Differential Amplifier

2.6Rejection of Common Mode Signal by Differential Amplifier

2.7Differential Amplifier with Common Mode Signal

2.8Common Mode Rejection Ratio ( Cmrr )

2.9Differential Amplifier with a Constant Current Source

2.10Current Mirror

2.10.1Widlar Current Mirror

2.10.2Wilson Current Mirror

2.11Hybrid Parameters for Bipolar Junction Transistors ( Bjt s)

2.12Hybrid Model for Bjt s in Common Emitter Configuration

2.13The Darlington Amplifier

2.14Differential Amplifier with Darlington Configuration

2.15Cascaded Differential Amplifier Stages

2.16Powering of a Differential Amplifier by a Dual Supply

Multiple Choice Questions

True or False Statements

Review Questions

Problems

100173

3.1Introduction

3.2Interpreting the m A741 Op-amp Series

3.3Op-amp Characteristics

3.4Open-Loop Op-amp Configuration

3.5Closed-Loop Op-amp Configuration

3.6Terminologies of Op-amp

3.6.1Virtual Ground

3.6.2Slew Rate

3.6.3Common Mode Rejection Ratio ( Cmrr )

3.7Typical Parameters of Monolithic m A741C Op-amp

3.8Linear Applications of Operational Amplifier

3.8.1The Inverting Amplifier or Negative Scale Changer or Scale Changing Amplifier

3.8.2Noninverting Amplifier

3.8.3Unity Gain Buffer (Voltage Follower)

3.8.4Adder or Summing Amplifier (Inverting Mode)

3.8.5Adder/Summing Amplifier (Noninverting Mode)

3.8.6Subtractor (Difference Amplifier)

3.8.7Adder-Subtractor

3.8.8Instrumentation Amplifier

3.8.9Current-to-Voltage Follower

3.8.10Voltage-to-Current Follower/ v to i Converter

3.8.11Logarithmic Amplifier

3.8.12Precision Rectifier

3.9Nonlinear Applications of Op-amps

3.9.1Differentiator

3.9.2Integrator

3.9.3Op-comparator

3.9.4Noninverting Comparator

3.9.5Inverting Comparator

3.9.6Zero-crossing Detector

3.9.7Schmitt Trigger

3.9.8Relaxation Oscillator

3.9.9Window Comparator

3.9.10Op-comp as Rectangular-to-Triangular Pulse Converter

3.9.11Op-comp as Triangular-to-Rectangular Pulse Converter

3.10Wien Bridge Oscillator Using Op-amp

3.11Function Generator Using 741 Op-amp

3.12Frequency Response of an Op-amp

3.13The LM725 (Instrumentation) Op-amp

3.14The LM709 Op-amp

3.15Block Representation of a Typical Op-amp

3.15.1Simplified Circuit Diagram of the 741 IC Op-amp

3.16Power Supplies for Integrated Circuits

3.17Filters

3.17.1Active Low-pass Filter Using Op-amp

3.17.2Active High-pass Filter Using Op-amp

3.18Audio Amplifier

3.19Classification of Integrated Circuits

3.19.1Types of Integrated Circuits

Multiple Choice Questions

True or False Statements

Review Questions

Problems

174226

4.1Introduction

4.2The Astable Multivibrator

4.3Monostable Multivibrator

4.4Bistable Multivibrator

4.4.1Types of Triggering Signals

4.4.2Comparison of Multivibrators

4.5Timers

4.5.1Clock Waveforms

4.5.2Basic Principle of Timer Circuits

4.6The LM555 IC Timer