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Sozański - Digital Signal Processing in Power Electronics Control Circuits

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Sozański Digital Signal Processing in Power Electronics Control Circuits
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Introduction -- Analog Signals Conditioning and Discretization -- Selected Methods of Signal Filtration and Separation and their Implementation -- Selected Active Power Filter Control Algorithms -- Digital Signal Processing Circuits for Digital Class D Power Amplifiers -- Conclusion.;Many digital control circuits in current literature are described using analog transmittance. This may not always be acceptable, especially if the sampling frequency and power transistor switching frequencies are close to the band of interest. Therefore, a digital circuit is considered as a digital controller rather than an analog circuit. This helps to avoid errors and instability in high frequency components. Digital Signal Processing in Power Electronics Control Circuits covers problems concerning the design and realization of digital control algorithms for power electronics circuits using digital signal processing (DSP) methods. This book bridges the gap between power electronics and DSP. The following realizations of digital control circuits are considered: digital signal processors, microprocessors, microcontrollers, programmable digital circuits. Discussed in this book is signal processing, starting from analog signal acquisition, through its conversion to digital form, methods of its filtration and separation, and ending with pulse control of output power transistors. The book is focused on two applications for the considered methods of digital signal processing: an active power filter and a digital class D power amplifier. The major benefit to readers is the acquisition of specific knowledge concerning discussions on the processing of signals from voltage or current sensors using a digital signal processor and to the signals controlling the output inverter transistors. Included are some Matlab examples for illustration of the considered problems.

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Krzysztof Sozaski Power Systems Digital Signal Processing in Power Electronics Control Circuits 2013 10.1007/978-1-4471-5267-5_1 Springer-Verlag London 2013
1. Introduction
Krzysztof Sozaski 1
(1)
Institute of Electrical Engineering, University of Zielona Gra, Podgrna 50 Street, 65-246 Zielona Gra, Poland
Krzysztof Sozaski
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Abstract
This chapter presents the main issues discussed in the book on digital signal processing in power electronics control circuits. These issues are related to the discretization of continuous signals and conversion of discrete signals into continuous signals, and concerning such aspects as the number of bits and the processing speed. Also described are the basic requirements for digital control of systems. To illustrate the problems under consideration active power filters and a digital class D amplifier have been selected. In this chapter, problems are set to be solved for selected applications. This chapter also describes the notational symbols and marks used in the book. Finally, the content of the remaining chapters is described.
1.1 Power Electronics Systems
Over the past 30 years, the range of power electronics has expanded greatly. This has been caused by the extensive development of microelectronics in areas such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, memory circuits, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS), analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, and power semiconductors, especially metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT). Specifically, the development of power transistors has shifted the range of applications from a few amperes and hundreds of volts to several thousand amperes and a few kilovolts with a switching frequency measured in millions of hertz. Another area of application of power electronics circuits are micropower circuits and particularly energy harvesting circuits. Hence, power electronics circuits are now used everywhere, in power systems, industry, telecommunications, transportation, commerce, etc. They even exist in such modern popular devices as digital cameras, mobile phones, and portable media players. The background of power electronics is described by Mohan [], and many others.
Power electronics is quite a difficult field of science and technology, requiring an extensive knowledge of related fields. These include areas such as: power systems, electrical machines, signal processing, analog and digital control, electronics, electromagnetic compatibility, solid-state electronics, embedded software design, circuit theory, circuit simulation, electromagnetic theory, thermal design, etc. These aspects are shown in Fig.. In order to produce properly functioning power electronics devices, all these aspects should be included. Often, the omission of one of these factors causes a system malfunction. This is due to the fact that a power electronics system converts energy and any errors are revealed in energy dissipation, which lead to the disruption or destruction of components. This book focuses attention on the aspects of digital signal processing applications in power electronics systems.
Fig 11 Multidisciplinary nature of power electronics circuit Fig 12 - photo 1
Fig. 1.1
Multidisciplinary nature of power electronics circuit
Fig 12 A power electronics system A simplified diagram of a power - photo 2
Fig. 1.2
A power electronics system
A simplified diagram of a power electronics system is shown in Fig.. The system makes the conversion of electric power from input to load. The power input is typically from a power system, electrochemical battery, solar cells or fuel cells, etc. The input power can be direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC): single phase, two phase, three phase, or more. The output power depends on the load. The power electronics circuit is monitored by a controller which compares the output power (feedback) and input power (feedforward) with the reference value needed to achieve the desired results. The controller can be designed to use either an analog or digital technique. Today the digital solution is most common, while the analog solution is reserved only for simple power electronics systems. The power flows through an electronics system from source to output. The output can be connected to a load or to an other power system or to other power electronics circuits, etc. However, the power electronics circuit may be reversed and then the energy can flow from output to source.
1.2 Digital Control Circuits for Power Electronics Systems
The most common power electronics system element is the inverter. Single- or three-phase (even more in multi-phase or in multilevel devices) inverters are frequently used parts of power electronics systems, in such devices as: AC and DC motor drives, uninterruptible power supplies, harmonic compensators, DC power supplies, controlled rectifiers, AC and DC power transmission systems, smart grid, etc.
Fig 13 Exemplary three-phase inverter with digital controller A simplified - photo 3
Fig. 1.3
Exemplary three-phase inverter with digital controller
A simplified block diagram of an exemplary three-phase inverter with digital controller is shown in Fig.. The inverter consists of six power IGBT transistors Digital Signal Processing in Power Electronics Control Circuits - image 4 , controlled by drivers with galvanic isolation. This galvanic isolation should have low input-to-output capacitance and should be highly resistant to a high output voltage slew rate, in the range 1020 kV/s. One of the inverter legs consists of two transistors Picture 5 and Picture 6 , which are connected to the load Picture 7 through the LC low-pass filter ( Picture 8 ) for suppressing pulse width modulation (PWM) components. The inverter is controlled by a digital signal processor (DSP) which performs the control algorithm. The control DSP function can be realized using one of several devices: general purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, advanced microprocessors and microcontrollers, digital signal processors and programmable digital devices, etc. As with transistor control signals, analog signals representing currents and voltages are galvanically isolated too. The analog signals are converted into the digital form by an A/D converter. The algorithm controls the output signal value using controlling output transistors by pulses generated by the same kind of pulse modulator. In the early days of digital control circuits, the control algorithms were very simple and represented only digital versions of analog control circuits with a single sampling frequency. Over time, control algorithms have turned into highly advanced and more complicated solutions. Currently, control circuits designed to increase signal dynamic range use a few sampling frequencies. Digital circuits using different sampling rates are called multirate digital circuits.
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