Stanley Brown - Men from Under the Sky: The Arrival of Westerners in Fiji
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Men from Under the Sky: The Arrival of Westerners in Fiji: summary, description and annotation
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The cannibal kings of Fiji are gone, but their spirit lives on. Cannibalism in Fiji and the gruesome earth ovens are gone; the kai vavalagi, the men from over the horizon, changed that, bringing their own brands of justice tempered by the musket, disease, and dissoluteness.
There were giants in those days, Fijians and Westerners alike. This gripping and unique history of Fiji by Stanley Brown, a well-known Fiji old-timer and historian, is woven around the lives of eleven Western giants, Europeans and Americans who had the greatest impact on each epoch. Not all these Westerners lived to tell the tale.
This stirring narrative is replete with hair-raising accounts of battles and brutality. One incident of supreme savagery was reported by Lockerby, a famous trader, who reported that more than three hundred fifty old men, women and children were butchered after a battle: As the canoes sallied back tot he mainland coast in the evening, the reddening sky silhouetted the bodies of children hanging from the mastheads. The earthovens were wellfueled that evening.
But time and the tides of civilization tame the savage beast, and today Fiji is busy developing its economy, but the old accounts and stories still ring true.
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Appendix 1: Fijian Spelling
Two systems of orthography are in use in Fiji today. The older one used by the Fijians has been used in this text in compiling names of Fijians and place names in Fiji. Normally today the phonetic systems of spelling is used on charts and maps.
Appendix 2: Important Dates in Fiji's History
| 1643 | 6 February: Tasman sighted Nukubasaga. |
| 1760 | (approx. ) Nailatikau expelled Butoni people from Bau. |
| 1774 | 2 July: Cook discovered Vatoa Island. |
| 1789 | 28 April: Mutiny of the Bounty. |
| 4 May: Bligh sighted Yagasa Levu from Bounty launch. | |
| 7 May: Bligh cleared Fiji Islands. | |
| 1790 | Nailatikau succeeded by his second son, Banuve. |
| 1792 | Bligh sighted Moce Island from HMS Providence. |
| 1800 | Brig Argo wrecked on Bukatatanna Reef. |
| Naulivou succeeded Banuve as chief of Ban. | |
| 1802 | Oliver Slater arrived in Sydney. |
| David Whippy born in Nantucket. | |
| 1804 | Marcia, cutter, and Fair American , barque, loaded first sandalwood at Bua Bay (Sandalwood Bay). |
| 1806 | Bligh arrived in New South Wales as governor. |
| 1808 | January: Bligh imprisoned by New South Wales Corps. |
| May: Ship Jenny arrived at Bua Bay. | |
| June: Brig Eliza wrecked on Mocea Reel. Nairai, Paddy Connel and Charlie Savage arrived in Fiji. | |
| 1808-13 | Sandalwood era on Bua and Macuata coasts. |
| Bau attacked and defeated Rewa and Verata. | |
| 1813 | Death of Charlie Savage. End of sandalwood trade era. |
| 1814 | Arrowsmith of London published chart of "Bligh's Islands." |
| 1817 | Seru (Cakobau), son of Tanoa, born. |
| 1820 | Bellinghausen discovered southern islands of' Fiji. |
| 1822 | David Whippy arrived at Levuka. |
| 1829 | Naulivou died. Succeeded at Bau by Tanoa. |
| 1830 | Two Tahitian mission teachers arrived at Lakeba. |
| 1834 | Grew of Charles Daggett killed at Bulia, Kadavu. |
| 1835 | Missionaries Cross and Cargill arrived at Lakeba. |
| 1838 | John Hunt arrived in Fiji. |
| 1840 | May to August. United Stales Exploring Expedition surveying in Fiji waters. |
| Rewa Chief Veidovi seized and transported to U. S. A. | |
| 1841 | July, Township of Levuka burned. |
| Bau destroyed by Verata, | |
| Bau rebuilt. | |
| 1842 | Veidovi died at U. S. Naval Hospital, New York. |
| 1843 | Bau-Rewa war started. |
| 1844 | Settlers expelled from Levuka by order of Cakobau. Roman Catholic missionaries arrived at Lakeba. |
| 1845 | Raivalita, brother of Cakobau, killed by club, at Bau. Tui Dreketi killed by Cakobau's orders, succeeded by half-brother Cokanauto (Mr. Phillips). |
| 1845 | U. S. Navy published first complete chart of Fiji. |
| 1846 | J. B. Williams moved U. S. Consulate from New Zealand to Fiji, |
| David Whippy appointed U. S. vice consul. | |
| 1848 | Tongan Prince Ma'afu arrived at Lakeba. |
| Brig Tim, Pickering wrecked and plundered at Levuka, | |
| 4 September. John Hunt died. | |
| 1849 | 4 July. Nukulau store and residence of J. B. Williams burned. |
| 9 October. Tui Nayau accepted Christianity. | |
| Settlers returned to Levuka. | |
| 1850 | Bau attacked Verata. |
| 1851 | Tui Kilakila succeeded to title of Tui Cakau. |
| USS St. Mary's arrived in Fiji. | |
| Island of Kioa sold. | |
| Cokanauto died. Qaraniqio became chief of Rewa. | |
| Rewa revolted against the rule of Bau. | |
| 1852 | Tanoa died. Succeeded by Cakobau. |
| 1853 | Cutter Warn seized at Malake. |
| August. First battle of Kaba. | |
| September. Lovoni people destroyed Levuka by fire. | |
| 1854 | Sunday, 3 April. Cakobau became a Christian |
| 1855 | Qaraniqio died. Rewa men burned U. S. Consulate and mission. |
| 2 April, Second battle of Kaba. | |
| 12 September, USS John Adams arrived in Fiji. | |
| Peace between Bau and Rewa. | |
| 1856 | HMS Herald surveying in Fiji waters. |
| 1857 | USS Falmouth erected new flagstaff at Laura a September. Pritchard arrived at Levuka. |
| 1859 | First Council of Chiefs called by Pritchard. |
| Experiments in sugar-making held in Wakaya. | |
| Smythe ordered to Fiji. | |
| 1860 | Smythe and Seeman arrived in Fiji. |
| J. B. Williams died at Totogo. | |
| 1862 | 7 July. HMS Miranda arrived. Cession declined. |
| Tongans attacked Somosomo, Wainiqolo killed. | |
| 1863 | Pritehard handed over HBM Consulate to Owen. |
| 14 August. Jones VC appointed HBM consul, Fiji- | |
| 1865 | Confederacy of Independent Chiefs of Fiji formed. |
| Thurston relieved Jones as HBM consul. | |
| 1865-71 | Ships of HM Australian Squadron in Fiji to stop "blackbirding." |
| 1867 | Na Tovata ko Tokelau kei Viti formed. |
| 2 May. Cakobau crowned king of Bau. | |
| 1869 | March appointed HBM consul. |
| Cakobau sold defeated Lovoni to planters. | |
| Fiji Times began publication. | |
| 1871 | Cakobau government formed. |
| David Whippy died. | |
| 1872 | Government's troubles with Ku Klux Klan. |
| 1873 | Arrival of Commissioners Goodenough and Layard. |
| 1874 | Ad Interim Government Formed in Levuka. |
| 10 October, Cession to Great Britain. | |
| 1875 | Commodore Goodenough killed. |
| 1883 | Death of Cakobau. |
| 1888 | Thurston arrived in Fiji as governor. |
| 1889 | Cakobau memorial unveiled. |
Bibliography
GENERAL
Bligh, W.: A Voyage to the South Seas. Published 1792. Reproduced by the Libraries Board or South Australia, 1969.
Brewster, A. B.: The King of the Cannibal Islands. London: Robert Hale, 1937.
Derrick, R. A.; A History of Fiji. Suva: Government Printing Office, 1946.
Dillon, P.: Narrative and Successful Result of a Voyage to the South Seas. London: Hurst and Chance, 1829.
Dorrance, John C.: Yankee Consul and Cannibal King: John Brown Williams and the American Claims in Fiji. Honolulu: unpublished paper submitted to Graduate School, University of Hawaii, 1966.
Erskine, J. E.: Journal of a Cruise Among the Islands of the Western Pacific. London: John Murray, 1853.
Evatt, H. V.: Rum Rebellion. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1947.
Fiji Land Claims Commission, Report No. 588. Fiji Government Archives.
Fiji Times, 1869-89. Fiji Government Archives.
Goodenough, J. G.: The Journal of Commodore Goodenough, edited by his widow. London: Harry S. King, 1876.
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