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Juvenal - The Sixteen Satires

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Juvenal The Sixteen Satires
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DescriptionPerhaps more than any other writer, Juvenal (c. AD 55-138) captures the splendour, the squalor and the sheer energy of everyday Roman life. In The Sixteen Satires he evokes a fascinating world of whores, fortune-tellers, boozy politicians, slick lawyers, shameless sycophants, ageing flirts and downtrodden teachers. A member of the traditional land-owning class that was rapidly seeing power slip into the hands of outsiders, Juvenal also creates savage portraits of decadent aristocrats - male and female - seeking excitement among the lower orders of actors and gladiators, and of the jumped-up sons of newly-rich former slaves. Constantly comparing the corruption of his own generation with its stern and upright forebears, Juvenals powers of irony and invective make his work a stunningly satirical and bitter denunciation of the degeneracy of Roman societyAbout the AuthorLess is known about the life of Juvenal (D. Iunius Iuuenalis) than was once believed - a key source, an inscription naming one Iunius Iuuenalis, refers to a later descendant, not the satirist - and such evidence as there is remains sadly inadequate. Much of it comes from Juvenals own work. We know that the family was from Aquinum in Latium near modern Monte Cassino. One ancient Life offers a plausible birth date of AD 55. Another states that till middle-age Juvenal practised rhetoric, not for professional reasons but as an amusement, which implies a private income. Book I of the Satires was not published till c. 110-12, when the poet was in his fifties, and is clearly the work of an impoverished and embittered man who has come down in the world - a hanger-on of wealthy patrons with a chip on his shoulder - but the precise circumstances of Juvenals fall from grace are unclear.The Lives all agree that he was exiled for an indiscreet lampoon of the jobbing of appointments by a Court favourite. But they do not agree as to where he was sent or which emperor was responsible, and Juvenal never refers to the matter. Many doubt whether he was exiled at all. If he was, it was almost certainly by Domitian, c. 93, to Egypt. In any case he must have lost his patrimony. It is reasonable to assume that he was recalled after Domitians assassination in 96. After Hadrians accession he seems to have acquired a small farm at Tivoli and a house in Rome. His last and unfinished (or partially lost) collection appeared c. 128-30. He may have died then: at the latest he is unlikely to have survived long after Hadrians death in 138.

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Juvenal - The Sixteen Satires
The Sixteen Satires
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The Sixteen Satires
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ABBREVIATIONS

Act. Class.

Acta Classica (South Africa)

Ael.

Aelian (Claudius Aelianus), AD 165/70 230/5, essayist

NA

De Natura Animalium

AJAH

American Journal of Ancient History

AJPh

American Journal of Philology

Anc. Soc.

Ancient Society

ANRW

Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt (Berlin: 1972 )

App.

Appian[os], fl. 2nd c. AD, historian

Bell. Civ.

Civil Wars

Mithr.

Mithridatic Wars

Ap. Rhod.

Apollonios Rhodios,? 305 ?230 BC, epic poet

Arg.

Argonautika

Apul.

Apuleius of Madaurus, AD 123 ?170, orator and novelist

Met.

Metamorphoses (also known as The Golden Ass)

Arat.

Aratos of Soloi, c. 315 c. 240 BC, didactic poet

Phaen.

Phaenomena

Arist.

Aristotle of Stagira, 384 322 BC, philosopher

HA

Historia Animalium

PA

De Partibus Animalium

Pol.

Politica (Politics)

Aristoph.

Aristophanes, c. 450 c. 385 BC, comic playwright

ASNP

Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (Classe di Lettere e Filosofia)

Athen.

Athenaeus of Naukratis, fl. c. AD 200, polymath

Aug.

St Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus) of Hippo, AD 354 430, theologian

Civ. Dei

De Civitate Dei

Aul. Gell.

Aulus Gellius, c. AD 130 c. 180, essayist

AUMLA

Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association

Aur. Vict.

Aurelius Victor, Sextus, fl. c. AD 370, historian

Caes.

Caesares

BICS

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (London)

Boll. di Stud. Lat.

Bollettino di Studi Latini

Braund, JS I

S. Braund, Juvenal: Satires, Book I (Cambridge: 1996)

Caes.

G. Julius Caesar, 100 44 BC, statesman and historian

Bell. Gall.

De Bello Gallico

Catull.

G. Valerius Catullus of Verona, 84 54 BC, poet

CB

Classical Bulletin

Cic.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106 43 BC, statesman, orator

Att.

Ad Atticum

De Amic.

De Amicitia

De Div.

De Divinatione

De Fin.

De Finibus

De Inv.

De Inventione Rhetorica

De Offic.

De Officiis

De Rep.

De Republica

ND

De Natura Deorum

CIL

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: 1863 )

CJ

Classical Journal

Class. &Med.

Classica et Medievalia (Copenhagen)

Colum.

Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella of Gades, fl. 1st c. AD, agricultural writer

Courtney

E. Courtney, A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal (London: 1980)

CPh

Classical Philology

CQ

Classical Quarterly

CR

Classical Review

CSCA

California Studies in Classical Antiquity

CW

Classical Weekly

Dem.

Demosthenes, 384 322 BC, Athenian orator

Dial. di Arch.

Dialoghi di Archeologia

Dio Cass.

Cassius Dio Cocceianus of Nicaea, c. AD 160 c. 235, historian

Epit.

Epitome Historiarum

Diod. Sic.

Diodorus Siculus of Agyrium, fl. c. 50 BC, historian

Diog. Laert.

Diogenes Laertius, early 3rd c. AD philosophical biographer

Dion. Hal.

Dionysius of Halicarnassos, c. 50 BC ? c. AD 25, rhetor and historian

RA

Antiquitates Romanae

Diss. Abs.

Dissertation Abstracts

Eur.

Euripides, c. 485 c. 406 BC, Athenian tragedian

IT

Iphigenia Taurica (Iphigeneia in Tauris)

Orest.

Orestes

Ferguson

J. Ferguson, Juvenal: The Satires (New York: 1979)

G. & R.

Greece&Rome

GIF

Giornale Italiano di Filologia

Green, AA

Peter Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age (revd, impr., Berkeley: 1993)

JR

Juvenal Revisited in Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient History and Culture (London: 1989) 240 55

Hdt.

Herodotos of Halicarnassos, c. 485 c. 425 BC, historian

Hes.

Hesiod of Ascra, fl. c. 700 BC, epic poet

WD

Works and Days

Highet

G. Highet, Juvenal the Satirist: A Study (Oxford: 1954)

Hom.

Homer, fl.?c. 750 BC, epic poet

Il.

Iliad

Od.

Odyssey

Hor.

Horace: Q. Horatius Flaccus, 65 8 BC, poet

Epist.

Epistulae

Sat., Serm.

Satirae or Sermones

HSCPh

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