Marcel Trudel - The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663

Trudel, Marcel

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THE

BEGINNINGS

OF

NEW FRANCE

MARCEL TRUDEL

THE

BEGINNINGS

OF

NEW FRANCE

Translated by Patricia Claxton

The Canadian Centenary Series

(C) Marcel Trudel, 1973

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

O-77IO-861O-5

The Canadian Publishers McClelland and Stewart Limited 25 Hollinger Road, Toronto 374

ma femme, Micheline

For material in the illustration sections of this book, acknowledgement is made to the following sources:

public archives OF Canada for Part of the Harleian Map of the World; New France in 1550; New France in 1569; the Habitation of Chauvin at Tadoussac; Jacques Cartiers La Grande Hermine; the Habitation of Ste Croix; the Habitation of Port Royal; the Habitation of Quebec; Portrait of Champlain; Face from Champlains 1632 map of New France.

the author for Remains of some of those who spent the winter of 1604-1605 at Ste Croix.

archives NATIONALES du Quebec for The Cte de Beaupr and the Isle of Orleans; Monseigneur de Laval; Marie de lIncarnation.

MCGILL university library for Montreal, 1642.

archives of the Quebec seminary for Quebec in 1660.

watsons studio, Midland, for Modern reconstruction of Fort Ste Marie.

METROPOLITAN TORONTO LIBRARY BOARD for The taking of Quebec by the English, 1629; Plan of the fort at Quebec; Plan of the Habitation of Quebec; The first entries in the registry book of Notre Dame Church, in Montreal.

centre MARGUERITE bourgeoys, Montreal, for Marguerite Bourgeoys.

Printed and bound in Canada by THE HUNTER ROSE COMPANY

A History of Canada

W. L. Morton, executive editor D. G. Creighton, advisory editor

TryggW J- Oleson Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000-163 *2. Marcel Trudel The Beginnings of New France, 1524-1663 *3. W. J. Eccles Canada Under Louis XIV, 1663-1701 4. Jean Blain New France, 1702-1743 *5. G. F. G. Stanley New France, 1744-1760 *6. Hilda Neatby Quebec, 1760-1791 *+7. Gerald M. Craig Upper Canada, 1784-1841 8. Fernand Ouellet Lower Canada, 1792-1841 *+9. W. S. MacNutt The Atlantic Provinces, 1712-1857 *+10. J. M. S. Careless The Union of the Canadas, 1841-1857 *11. E. E. Rich The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857 *12. W. L. Morton The Critical Years, 1857-1873 *13. P. B. Waite Canada, 1874-1896 14. R. Craig Brown and G. R. Cook Canada, 1897-1921 15. Roger Graham Canada, 1922-1939 *16. Morris Zaslow The Opening of the Canadian North, 1870-1914 17. Morris Zaslow The North, 1914-1967 18. D. G. Creighton Canada, 1939-1967

VOLUMES STARRED ARE PUBLISHED +ALSO AVAILABLE IN PAPERBACK

CONTENTS

The Beginnings of New France

The Canadian Centenary Series ix

PREFACE

xi

l : Fleurs-de-lis in the New World at Last, 1524

I

2 : The Discovery of a Great Highway into the Continent, 1535

II

3 : The First French Colony in America, 1541-1543

4 : Commerce Brings France Back to North America, 1577-1602

5 : A Reassessment of the St Lawrence, 1603 7i

6 : The Search for an Ideal Location on the Atlantic, 1604-1607

7 : The Return to the St Lawrence, 1608-1614 93

8 : Failure in Acadia, 1610-1614 107

9 : The Rouen and St Malo Company, 1614-1620

io : The de Cans Take Over the St Lawrence, 1620-1627

11 : Problems of Indian Policy, 1604-1627 140

12 : The Meeting of Cultures 150

13 : Tribulations of the Hundred Associates, 1627-1632

14 : New Colonists for the St Lawrence, 1632-1645

15 : Acadia: Lost Again, 1632-1654 192

16 : The Habitants Company, 1645-1658 210

17 : The Jesuits at the Helm, 1632-1659

18 : Land Tenure and Population, 1663

Conclusion : New France at the Threshold of a New Era

Notes

Select Bibliography 308

Index

ILLUSTRATIONS

Facing page 116

Part of the Harleian Map of the World-New France in 1550-New France in 1569-The Habitation of Chauvin at Tadoussac - Replica of La Grande HermineThe Habitation of Ste Croix - Remains of some of those who spent the winter of 1604-1605 at Ste Croix-The Habitation of Port Royal - The Habitation of Quebec Portrait of Champlain

Facing page 180

Face from Champlains 1632 map of New France-The Cte de Beaupr and the Isle of Orleans, in 1641Quebec, 1660 - Montreal, 1642-Modern reconstruction of Fort Ste Marie - The taking of Quebec by the English, 1629-Plan of the fort at Quebec-Plan of the Habitation of Quebec-Notre Dame Church registry bookMonseigneur de Laval - Marie de lIncarnation Marguerite Bourgeoys

The Canadian Centenary Series

Half a century has elapsed since Canada and Its Provinces, the first largescale co-operative history of Canada, was published. During that time, new historical materials have been made available in archives and libraries; new research has been carried out, and its results published; new interpretations have been advanced and tested. In these same years Canada itself has greatly grown and changed. These facts, together with the centenary of Confederation, justify the publication of a new co-operative history of Canada.

The form chosen for this enterprise was that of a series of volumes. The series was planned by the editors, but each volume will be designed and executed by a single author. The general theme of the work is the development of those regional communities which have for the past century made up the Canadian nation; and the series will be composed of a number of volumes sufficiently large to permit adequate treatment of all the phases of the theme in the light of modern knowledge.