Susan Schafer - Cloning

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Cloning

SUSAN SCHAFER

First published 2009 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform a business

Copyright 2009 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Schafer, Susan.
Cloning / Susan Schafer.
p. cm.(Genetics: the science of life)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-8138-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. CloningJuvenile literature. 2. Human cloningJuvenile literature.
I. Title.
QH442.2.S34 2009
176dc22
2008008115

Editor: Peter Mavrikis
Production Manager: Henrietta Toth
Editorial Assistant and Photo Research: Alison Morretta
Program Coordinator: Cathy Prisco
Design: Patrice Sheridan
Line Art: FoxBytes

PICTURE CREDITS: Cover (bottom): Getty Images; cover (top): Getty Images; : Taxi/Getty Images; back cover: Photographers Choice/Getty Images.

ISBN 13: 9780765681386 (hbk)

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Contents

Tiny aquatic animals called hydra reproduce asexually by a process called budding. The buds, which are miniature replicas or clones of the parent, grow out the parents body and eventually break off.

The alarm is ringing in your ears, screaming like a banshee for you to get up. You cover your head with your pillow. If you just had a clone of yourself, you could send it to school in your place. Or could you? Even if scientists were cloning humans, you would never be able to use a clone as your substitute, because your clone would be born a baby and you would still be a teenager. As your clone grew, so would you. You and the clone would always be the same number of years apart.

A clone is a cell or organism that is genetically identical to the cell or organism from which it was made. Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction because all of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) comes from the same parent. People often think of clones as being cranked out of factories just as cars are, in order to take over the world. But clones do not have to be copies of whole organisms. An organism is a living thing. It grows, uses energy, responds, reproduces, and has DNA in its cells. So scientists might clone just the DNA, or part of the DNA, from an organism. Or they might clone just one type of cell, some tissue, or even an organ.

Regardless of what is being cloned, the process always involves DNA. DNA contains the genes or chemical instructions that tell cells what to do, sort of like your parents telling you to get up in the morning. Each gene is one special type of instruction. Genes are found in DNA, DNA is found in chromosomes, and chromosomes are found inside the nucleus of a cell.

DNA holds the genetic instructions needed for an organism to function.

Scientists clone in order to make as many copies of genes, cells, tissues, organs, or organisms as possible, so that they have a number of samples to study. This way, they do not have to wait for natural processes to produce what they need in order to study diseases or develop new medicines. It is like looking for a needle in a haystack. If there is only one needle, it would take a while. But if there are thousands of needles, finding one would not take as long.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CLONING

A German scientist named Hans Spemann created the first artificial clone in the laboratory in 1902. He used a human hair to split a two-celled salamander embryo into two individual cells. Each cell grew into the identical twin of the other. By doing this, he proved that each cell in a new embryo carries all the DNA needed to create a whole new organism.

An identical twin is a natural clone.

Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction that does not require two parents to produce young.

DNA contains the genes that carry the instructions for building new cells.

In nuclear transfer, the nucleus of a donor cell (with all of its DNA) is taken out of its own cell and put into a different cell that has had its nucleus removed.

The first clone of a mammal was a sheep named Dolly.

German scientist Hans Spemann performed the first nuclear transfers, thereby setting the stage for future work in cloning.

Spemann was also the first to perform a nuclear transfer using embryonic cells, opening the doors for later cloning work. In nuclear transfer, a nucleus is removed from one cell and put into a different cell. By the 1960s, scientists were using the adult body cells of frogs to perform nuclear transfers. Then in 1996, the world was introduced to Dolly. Created by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult body cell, using the frozen udder cell of an adult sheep. The udder is the bag-like sac that holds milk glands in cows, sheep, and goats. Although Dolly was a clone, she gave birth to a lamb named Bonnie in 1998. Bonnie was conceived naturally, proving that clones can breed and produce healthy young.

Dolly, the first cloned mammal, was able to mate naturally, giving birth to a healthy lamb named Bonnie.

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