THE MAKING OF THE MIDDLE AGES
R. W. SOUTHERN
NEW HAVEN & LONDON
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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First published, August 1953.
Printed in the United States of America by BookCrafters, Inc., Fredericksburg, Virginia.
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers.
Published in Canada and the Philippines by Yale University Press and elsewhere by Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., London.
ISBN: 0-300-00967-4 (cloth), 0-300-00230-0 (paper)
37 36 35 34
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CONTENTS
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I LATIN CHRISTENDOM AND ITS NEIGHBOURS |
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i The divisions of Latin Christendom |
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ii The relations of Latin Christendom with the outside world |
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a The Northern and Eastern Frontiers |
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i The Growth of Government |
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III THE ORDERING OF THE CHRISTIAN LIFE |
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i The Church and the World |
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a Lay Society and the Monasteries |
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b The Monastic ideal of the tenth and eleventh centuries |
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IV THE TRADITION OF THOUGHT |
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i The Syllabus of Studies |
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ii Learning and the problems of daily life |
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c On the edge of the Universities |
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, Morgan M.S. 709, f. 16. | frontispiece |
The Gospel Book of which this picture forms part belonged to Judith of Flanders, wife of Earl Tostig of Northumbria, who is probably depicted in the female figure clinging to the Cross. All the evidence of style (as Professor Wormald kindly tells me) is compatible with a date in the third quarter of the eleventh century, and it is probable that the manuscript was made for the Countess Judith while she was in England, between about 1051 and 1065. The manuscript is certainly of English origin. It was taken abroad by the Countess in 1065, and (her husband having been killed at the battle of Stamford Bridge in the following year) she never returned to England. She later married Welf IV, Duke of Bavaria, and on her death she left the manuscript with several others to the monastery of Weingarten in southern Germany. Here it remained until the Napoleonic Wars, when it began the journeys which brought it back to England for nearly a century, and finally took it across the Atlantic to the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. For a history of the manuscript, see M. Harrsen, The Countess Judith of Flanders and the Library of Weingarten Abbey, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1930, XXIV, 1-13; and for its place in eleventh-century English Illumination, F. Wormald, The Survival of Anglo-Saxon Illumination after the Norman Conquest (British Academy Hertz Lecture, 1944). |
Tree of Jesse (Cteaux, 1110-1120). Dijon, Bibliothque Municipal, MS. 641, f. 40 verso. (Photograph: Remy Dijon .) | facing page |
For the bibliography of this manuscript, see below p.. |
The Aaby Crucifix (Copenhagen, National Museum, II, No. D. 629). | between pages |
The Tirstrup Crucifix (Copenhagen, National Museum, II, No. D. 5100). | between pages |
These two Danish crucifixes are discussed in relation to the other works of the period in P. Nrlund, Gyldne Altre (Copenhagen, 1926), pp. , figs. 77-81, 84-6. |
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"The Madonna of Dom Rupert", (Lige, Muse Archologique, "Maison Curtius"). | facing page |
This panel appears to have formed part of an altar front in the monastery of St. Lawrence Lige. Modern scholars agree that the connexion with Dom Rupert, who died in 1138, is merely legendary, and that it is about half a century later than this date. The panel is discussed in R. Ligtenberg, Die Romanische Steinplastik in den nrdlichen Niederlnden, I, 1918, who suggests a date about 1170; but A. Goldshmidt (in P. Clemen, Belgische Kunstdenkmler, 1923, I, n.) believes that a date c. 1200 is a possibility. Dr. O. Pcht kindly drew my attention to this work. |
MAP OF ANJOU IN THE TIME OF COUNT FULK NERRA (987)-1040) |
GENEALOGICAL TABLE: The Family of the Counts of Barcelona | 120 |
ABBREVIATIONS
D.H.G.E. | Dictionnaire d'histoire et de gographie ecclsiastiques, ed. A. Baudrillart, A. Vogt, U. Rouzis, etc. (1912-). |
E.H.R. | English Historical Review. |
M.G.H. | Monumenta Germaniae Historica. |
P.L. | Patrologiae Cursus Completus, series latina, ed. J. P. Migne. |
R.S. | Rolls Series |
Schmitt | Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia, ed. F. S. Schmitt, O.S.B.,
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