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Gaston Gaillard - The Turks and Europe

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THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY THE SAME AUTHOR Culture et Kultur 1 vol gr in-8 - photo 1
THE TURKS AND EUROPE

BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Culture et Kultur. 1 vol. gr. in-8, 242 p. Berger-Levrault, Paris, 1916.
Judasme et Kultur. 38 p. Giard et Brire, Paris, 1917.
Le Germanisme et les Cultures antiques.Revue des Nations latines, Florence, dcembre 1917.
Les Jsuites et le Germanisme. 29 p. Giard et Brire, Paris, 1918.
Amrique Latine et Europe occidentale. 1 vol. in-12, 301 p. Berger-Levrault, Paris, 1918.
LAllemagne et le Baltikum. 1 vol. in-8 raisin, 279 p. et 7 cartes. Chapelot, Paris, 1919.
Le Mouvement pan-russe et les Allognes. 1 vol. in-8 raisin, 79 p. Chapelot, Paris, 1919.
Les Turcs et lEurope. 1 vol. in-12, 384 p. Chapelot, 1920.
La Beaut dune Femme.Roman. 1 vol. in 12. P.-V. Stock, Paris, 1907.
La Fille nue.Roman. 1 vol. in-12. Albin Michel, Paris, 1914.
Recherches sur le temps que la prcipitation met apparatre dans les solutions dhyposulfite de soude. 1 vol. in-8. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1905.
Nobilisme.Essai sur les fondements de la culture. 1 vol. in-12. Socit franaise dimprimerie et de librairie, Paris, 1909.

THE TURKS AND
EUROPE
BY
GASTON GAILLARD
LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO.
1 FLEET LANE, E.C.
1921

CONTENTS
PAGES
I.The Turks-8
II.The Turkish Empire:
Its HistoryThe CapitulationsThe East, a Fashion in EuropeThe Turkish Empire and the War
-28
III.Turkey and the War-42
IV.Turkey and the Conference:
The Agreements before the ArmisticeOccupation of Smyrna by GreeceThe First Ottoman DelegationDismissal of the First DelegationSituation of the Ottoman Government and the Nationalist MovementForeign Interests in TurkeyResources of TurkeyThe Damad Ferid Cabinet resignsThe Ali Riza MinistryThe Marash IncidentsThe Urfa and Aintab IncidentsThe Silence of the United StatesThe Turkish Question ResumedThe Anglo-American Protestant CampaignRepercussions in IndiaRepercussions in Northern AfricaThe Indian Caliphate DelegationValue of IslamUnion of the ChurchesIslam versus OrthodoxyThe Persian National Movement
-150
V.The Occupation of Constantinople:
The Treaty before the London and Paris ParliamentsResignation of the Salih Pasha CabinetThe New Damad Ferid Cabinet
-168
VI.The Treaty with Turkey:
Mustafa Kemals ProtestProtests of Ahmed Riza and Galib KemalyProtest of the Indian Caliphate DelegationSurvey of the TreatyThe Turkish Press and the TreatyJafer Tayar at AdrianopleOperations of the Government Forces against the NationalistsFrench Armistice in CiliciaMustafa Kemals OperationsGreek Operations in Asia MinorThe Ottoman Delegations Observations at the Peace ConferenceThe Allies AnswerGreek Operations in ThraceThe Ottoman Government decides to sign the TreatyItalo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King HusseinSignature of the Treaty
-271
VII.The Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire:
1. The Turco-Armenian Question
-304
2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements:
Origin of Pan-TuranismThe Turks and the ArabsThe HejazThe Emir FeisalThe Question of SyriaFrench Operations in SyriaRestoration of Greater LebanonThe Arabian World and the CaliphateThe Part played by Islam
-356
VIII.The Moslems of the Former Russian Empire and Turkey:
The Republic of Northern CaucasusGeorgia and AzerbajanThe Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian IsthmusArmenians and Moslems
-369
IX.Turkey and the Slavs:
Slavs versus TurksConstantinople and Russia
-408

THE TURKS AND EUROPE
I
THE TURKS
The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe. But as we are only considering the Turkish question from the European point of view, no lengthy reference is needed to such Eastern groups as those of Turkish or Mongol descent who are connected with the Yenisseians of Northern Asia and the Altaians. The Russians call these peoples Tatars, and they, no doubt, constituted the Tubbat nation, referred to by the Chinese historians under the name of Tou-Kiou up to the seventh century after Christ. These very brief facts show the importance of the race and are also sufficient to emphasise the point that these people are akin to those Turks of Western Asia who are more closely connected with the Europeans.
The Western Turkish group includes the Turcomans of Persia and Russian or Afghan Turkistan; the Azerbajanians, who are probably Turkisised Iranians, living between the Caucasus Mountains and Persia; and, lastly, the Osmanli Turks, who are subjects of the Sultan, speak the Turkish language, and profess Islam.
Close to this group, but farther to the East, the central group also concerns us, for some of its representatives who now inhabit the boundaries of Europe made repeated incursions into Europe in various directions. In the plains lying between the River Irtish and the Caspian Sea live the Kirghiz-Kazaks, and in the Tien-Shien Mountains the Kara-Kirghiz, who have preserved many ancient Old Turkish customs, and seem to have been only slightly Mohammedanised. The Usbegs and the Sartis of Russian Turkistan, on the other hand, have been more or less Iranised. Finally, on the banks of the Volga are to be found the Tatars of European Russia. Among them the Tatars of Kazan, who are descended from the Kiptchaks, came to the banks of the Volga in the thirteenth century and mingled with the Bulgars. These Tatars differ from the Tatars of Astrakhan, who are descendants of the Turco-Mongols of the Golden Horde, and are connected with the Khazars, and from the Nogas of the Crimea, who are Tatars of the steppes who more or less inter-married with other racesthe Tatars of the Tauris coast being the hybrid descendants of the Adriatic race and the Indo-Afghan race. They are to be found near Astrakhan and in the Caucasus Mountains, and even, perhaps, as far as Lithuania, where, though still being Mohammedans, they have adopted the language and costume of the Poles.

The invasion of Europe by the Turks appears as the last great ethnic movement that followed the so-called period of migration of peoples (second to sixth centuries A.D. ) and the successive movements it entailed.
Let us consider only the migrations of those who concern us most closely, and with whom the Turks were to come into contact later on. First the Slavs spread westward towards the Baltic and beyond the Elbe, and southward to the valley of the Danube and the Balkan Peninsula. This movement brought about the advance of the Germans towards the west, and consequently the advance of the Celts towards Iberia and as far as Spain. Owing to the invasion of the Huns in the fifth century and in the sixth of the Avars, who, after coming as far as Champagne, settled down in the plains of Hungary and the territories lying farther to the south which had already been occupied by the Dacians for several centuries, the Slavs were cut into two groups. About the same time, the Bulgars came from the banks of the Volga and settled on the banks of the Danube.
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