David Wootton - The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution

Title page of Francis Bacon, Novum organum (1620), which shows a ship sailing in through the Pillars of Hercules (identified with the strait between Gibraltar and North Africa the opening from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic) after exploring an unknown world.

For Alison

Hanc ego de caelo ducentem sidera vidi

(I have seen her draw down the stars from the sky)

Tibullus, Elegies , I.ii

Contents

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ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

p. ii: Title page of Francis Bacons Novum organum (1620). ( The Trustees of the British Museum, London)

p. vi: Archimedes in his bath, a woodcut by Peter Fltner (14901546). (National Museum, Madrid; photo Tarker /Bridgeman Images)

p. 14: Star map of Cassiopeia, from Tycho Brahes The New Star (1573). (Universal Images/ Getty Images)

p. 56: Title page of Johannes Stradanuss New Discoveries ( c .1591). (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)

p. 87: Johannes Hevelius, from Selenographia , (1647). ( The Royal Society, London)

p. 97: Mr Ps Snail, from Robervals Mathematical Works (1731). (Leeds University, Special Collections, Brotherton Library)

p. 112: The spheres of the universe, from Jodocus Trutfetters A Textbook of Natural Philosophy (1514). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 115: The spheres of earth, water, air and fire, from Sacroboscos Sphera volgare (1537). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 116: The centres of the spheres of water and earth ( above ), and the relative and absolute volumes of earth and water ( below ), from Sacroboscos Sphera volgare (1537). (Wellcome Library, London)

pp. 1223: Map of the world, from Ptolemys Geography (Rome, 1490). (James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, USA)

p. 124: Earth and water, from Claviuss commentary on Sacrobosco (revised edition, 1581). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 126: Earth and water as a single sphere, from Sacro Boscos Opusculum de sphaera (1518). ( Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen )

p. 127: The relationship between earth, water, air and fire, from Claviuss commentary on Sacrobosco (revised edition, 1581). (Wellcome Library, London)

p. 129: Peter Apians illustration of a round earth, from Sacrobosco, Sphaera... per Petrum Apianum (1526). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 131: Illustration from Schotts Anatomia physico-hydrostatica fontium ac fluminum (1663). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 134: The relationship between earth and water, an illustration from Jean Bodins Universae naturae theatrum (1596). (Special Collections, University of Glasgow)

p. 135: Schotts version of Bodins new theory, from Anatomia physicohydrostatica (1663). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 141: A first edition of Copernicus with contemporary annotation. (Special Collections, Lehigh University Libraries, Pennsylvania, USA)

p. 153: Copernicuss diagram of the heliocentric cosmos, from the original manuscript of On the Revolutions (1543). (Jagiellonian University Library, Krakw (Ms.10000, f. 9v))

p. 156: Diggess image of the Copernican cosmos. (Linda Hall Library Images, Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, USA)

p. 174: An illustration from Nicerons Curious Perspective (1652). (Wellcome Library, London)

p. 178: Measuring the universe, from Vitruviuss De architectura (1521). (RIBA Library, Photographic Collections, London)

p. 181: Brahes design for an equatorial armillary sphere, from Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (1598 edition). (Special Collections, Lehigh University Libraries, Pennsylvania, USA)

p. 182: The imperial observatory in Peking, from Ferdinand Verbiests Xinzhi Yixiangtu. ( Museum of the History of Science, Oxford)

p. 185: The muscles of the body, from Vesaliuss On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543). (Special Collections. University of Glasgow, Glasgow)

p. 189: Title page of Petrus Apianuss Introductio geographica (1533). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 196: Brahes observatory, from Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (1598 eidition). (Hulton Archive/Getty Images, London)

p. 202: Peter Apians diagram of longitude and latitude, from Cosmographicus liber (1524). (Boston Public Library, Rare Books Department, Boston, USA)

p. 203: Fortifications of Coeverden, the Netherlands, early seventeenth century. (Newberry Library, Chicago, USA)

p. 204: Frontispiece to Niccolo Tartaglias New Science (1537). (Middle Temple Library/Science Photo Library, London)

p. 207: Drers World Map of 1515. (Science Photo Library, London)

p. 213: Keplers representation of the five Platonic solids, from Mysterium cosmographicum (1596). (Print Collector/Getty Images, London)

p. 219: One of Galileos illustrations of the moon, from The Starry Messenger (1610). (Linda Hall Library Images, Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, USA)

p. 220: Harriots first drawing of the moon as seen through his telescope. (Max Alexander/Lord Egremont/Science Photo Library, London)

p. 221: Harriots drawing of the moon after he had read Galileos Starry Messenger . (Max Alexander/Lord Egremont/Science Photo Library, London)

p. 227: Frontispiece to Giovanni Battista Ricciolis New Almagest (1651). (Universal Images Group /Getty Images)

p. 232: Frontispiece to Francis Godwins The Man in the Moone (1638). (Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library)

p. 233: Frontispiece to John Wilkins, A Discourse Concerning a New World (1640; reprinted 1648). (Universal Images Group /Getty Images)

pp. 2401: Hookes representation of a flea, from Micrographia (1665). ( The Royal Society, London)

p. 261: Graunts table of mortality, from Natural and Political Observations (1662). ( The British Library Board, London)

p. 264: Title page of Keplers New Star (1606). (Linda Hall Library Images, Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, USA)

p. 267: Frontispiece to Galileos Dialogue (1632). (Biblioteca Nazionale/ Getty Images)

p. 307: Frontispiece to Keplers Rudolphine tables (1627). (Jay M. Pasachoff/Getty Images, London)

p. 325: Illustration accompanying Theodoric of Freibergs study of the rainbow when it appeared in print in Trutfetters textbook (1514). (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

p. 334: Schotts representation of Bertis vacuum experiment. (Wellcome Trust Library, London)

p. 338: a) Adrien Auzouts void-in-the-void experiment, from Jean Pecquet, Experimenta nova anatomica (1651); b) Gilles de Robervals carp-bladder experiment. (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Mnchen)

pp. 3423: Schotts representation of the Magdeburg hemispheres, from Experimenta nova (1672). (Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library, London)

p. 344: Boyles first air pump, designed and made by Robert Hooke, from Boyles New Experiments Physico-mechanical (1660). ( The Royal Society, London)

p. 345: The frontispiece of the English translation of the experiments of the Accademia del Cimento. (Special Collections Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin, USA)

p. 359: A family of alchemists at work, an engraving by Philip Galle (after Pieter Bruegel the Elder) ( c .1558). (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)