Lasse Rosendahl - Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications

First Edition

Lasse Rosendahl

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ISBN: 978-0-08-101029-7 (print)

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H. Bergem SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway

P. Biller Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

D. Castello Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

W.-T. Chen University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States

J.K.R. Guerrero Steeper Energy Canada Ltd, S.W. Calgary, AB, Canada

H.J. Heeres University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

D. Ho

Western University, London, ON, Canada

Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada

S.B. Iversen Steeper Energy ApS, Hrsholm, Denmark

C.U. Jensen Steeper Energy ApS, Hrsholm, Denmark

S. Karatzos Steeper Energy Canada Ltd, S.W. Calgary, AB, Canada

R. Ldeng SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway

L. Nazari Western University, London, ON, Canada

G. Olofsson Steeper Energy ApS, Hrsholm, Denmark

A. Pattiya Mahasarakham University, Kamriang, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

M.B. Ray Western University, London, ON, Canada

L. Rosendahl Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

D. Santoro

Western University, London, ON, Canada

Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada

S. Sarathy

Western University, London, ON, Canada

Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada

I. Sintamarean Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

S.S. Toor Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

R.H. Venderbosch Biomass Technology Group BV, Enschede, The Netherlands

C. (Charles) Xu Western University, London, ON, Canada

W. Yin University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Y. Zhang University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States

In the quest for sustainable alternatives to fossil hydrocarbon fuels, biomass direct thermochemical liquefaction (DTL) technologies are emerging as promising and viable pathways, potentially capable of producing necessary volumes of relevant fuel types and doing so with both environmental and financial sustainability.

Several recent studies, for example, . ASTM approval for liquefaction pathway fuels is ongoing, with hydrotreated depolymerised cellulosic jet (HDCJ) being certified by UOP and others, and it could be argued that catalytic hydrothermolysis (CH, by ARA, Chevron, and others) is essentially what happens when fatty acids (present in a range of biomass and organic waste streams) are coprocessed in a hydrothermal liquefaction process. All these efforts are crucial in setting up the mechanisms taking these fuels to the market, thus defining business propositions and market opportunities for investors and technology providers.

A number of key features set DTL technologies positively aside from currently available bioderived fuels and other technology pathways under development:

Nonfood/feed input streams : DTL technologies are inherently feedstock flexible and do not rely on isolation of specific macrocomponents (typically carbohydrates or starch) before processing. Rather than being a problem, lignin is a valuable source of desired product compounds. Wet and dry feedstock streams can be efficiently handled by DTL technologies, and input streams can be combined from a variety of sources according to availability, economics, or other considerations. Residual and waste streams from society or from other bioprocessing can be efficiently integrated.

Multiple component product stream : Unlike bioethanol/biomethanol/biobutanol, bio-diesel (FAME/FAEE), sugar-derived jet fuels and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, DTL products are multicomponent, not single-molecule fuels. This enables DTL products to address the entire range of fuels available today, defined by boiling point ranges and hydrocarbon characteristics (i.e. paraffins and aromatics). For jet fuels, currently the most challenging in terms of approval, this means that full replacement is an option, rather than a blend limit less than 50%, which is the case for single-molecule bioderived jetfuels. Furthermore, it provides an extensive source for platform chemicals and high-value carbon-containing products, not just single-platform molecules.

Drop-in-type fuels : DTL-derived fuels are potentially drop-in fuels; in the definition of IEA Task 39, drop-in biofuels are defined as liquid bio-hydrocarbons that are functionally equivalent to petroleum fuels and are fully compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure ).