Figures
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1.3 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
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2.9 |
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2.11 |
3.1 |
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3.5 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
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5.1 |
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6.1 |
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6.7 |
7.1 |
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7.5 |
8.1 |
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8.4 |
8.5 |
9.1 |
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10.1 |
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11.1 |
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12.1 |
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Tables
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1.2 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
5.1 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
6.4 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
7.1 |
7.2 |
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.5 |
9.1 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.5 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
10.4 |
10.5 |
11.1 |
11.2 |
11.3 |
11.4 |
12.1 |
12.2 |
12.3 |
12.4 |
12.5 |
12.6 |
12.7 |
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12.9 |
13.1 |
13.2 |
13.3 |
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13.6 |
13.7 |
14.1 |
14.2 |
Appendix A
Metric units, English-metric conversions, and cooking measurement equivalents
DRY MEASURES
1 pint = 0.55 liters
1 quart = 1.10 liters
1 peck = 8.81 liters
1 bushel = 35.24 liters
LIQUID MEASURES
1 pint = 0.47 liters
1 quart = 0.946 liters
1 gallon = 3.79 liters
WEIGHT
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 pound = 0.45 kilograms
1 short ton = 0.91 metric ton
1 long ton = 1.02 metric tons
1000 milligrams = 1 gram
1000 grams = 1 kilogram
1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton
LENGTH
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 yard = 0.91 meters
1 mile = 1.61 kilometers
1 kilometer = 0.6 miles
10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter
10 decimeters = 1 meter
1000 meters = 1 kilometer
AREA/SQUARE MEASURES
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters
1 square foot = 9.29034 square decimeters
1 square yard = 0.836131 square meters
1 acre = 4046.85642 square meters
1 square mile = 2.59 square kilometers
100 square millimeters = 1 square centimeter
100 square centimeters = 1 square decimeter
100 square decimeters = 1 square meter
VOLUME/CUBIC MEASURES
1 cubic inch = 16.34 cubic centimeters
1 cubic foot = 0.28 cubic meters
1 cubic yard = 0.76 cubic meters
10 milliliters = 1 centiliter
10 centiliters = 1 deciliter
10 deciliters = 1 liter
COOKING MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENTS
16 tablespoons = 1 cup
8 tablespoons = cup
4 tablespoons = cup
2 tablespoons = cup
1 tablespoons = cup
1 tablespoons = 3 teaspoons
8 fluid ounces = 1 cup
1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 2 pints
4 cups = 1 quart
1 gallon = 4 quarts
16 ounces = 1 pound
Appendix B
Chemical structure of amino acids
Appendix C
Dietary reference intakes for energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients
The dietary reference intakes (DRIs) includes two sets of values that serve as goals for nutrient intake: recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI). The RDA reflects the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people. If there is insufficient evidence to determine an RDA, an AI is set.
APPENDIX C1
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs): recommended dietary allowances and adequate intakes, total water, and macronutrients
Source : Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Note :
This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in bold type and adequate intakes (AI) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (9798%) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an estimated average requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water.
b Based on grams of protein per kilogram of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g kg body weight for the reference body weight.