Lents - Not so different: finding human nature in animals
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1. Why Do We Play? -- 2. Animal Systems of Justice -- 3. Moral Animals -- 4. Sexual Politics -- 5. Do Animals Fall in Love? -- 6. The Agony of Grief -- 7. Jealous Beasts, The Dark Side of Love -- 8. Darker Still, Envy, Greed, and Power -- 9. Afraid of the Dark -- 10. The Richness of Animal Communication.;Animals fall in love, establish rules for fair play, exchange valued goods and services, hold funerals for fallen comrades, deploy sex as a weapon, and communicate with one another using rich vocabularies. Animals also get jealous and violent or greedy and callous and develop irrational phobias, just like us. Monkeys address inequality, wolves miss each other, elephants grieve for their dead, and prairie dogs name the humans they encounter. Human and animal behavior is not as different as once believed. In Not So Different, the biologist Nathan H. Lents argues that the same evolutionary forces of cooperation and competition have shaped both humans and animals. He marshals evidence from psychology, evolutionary biology, cognitive science, anthropology, and ethology to further advance this work and to drive home the truth that we are distinguished from animals only in degree, not in kind.
Lents: author's other books
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ANIMAL PLANET
ANIMAL PLANET
Dawn Baumann Brunke
Lars Svendsen
Onno Oerlemans
Mark Rowlands
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson
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Table of Contents
NOT SO DIFFERENT
NATHAN H. LENTS
NOT SO DIFFERENT
Finding Human Nature in Animals
Columbia University Press / New York
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2016 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-54175-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lents, Nathan H., author.
Title: Not so different: finding human nature in animals / Nathan H. Lents.
Description: New York: Columbia University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015039849 | ISBN 9780231178327 (cloth: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780231541756 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Animal behavior. | Psychology, Comparative.
Classification: LCC QL751 .L42 2016 | DDC 591.5dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039849
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .
COVER DESIGN: Milenda Nan Ok Lee
Para mi familia. Nora, Youre the BEST!
CONTENTS
I HAVE TO BEGIN by acknowledging my mother, Judi, who has been telling me for almost two decades to write a book. I finally did and I hope you like it. As for my dad, Mike, you were the unwitting inspiration for this book. Ill tell you the story sometime. I also have to thank my always-encouraging husband Oscar, who read every word of this and endured me droning on about each topic endlessly, all while remaining supportive.
I would also like to thank the professional colleagues, friends actually, who read early samples and gave me crucial advice that shaped the course of the project in important ways. Evan Mandery and Richard Haw, you helped much more than you realize. Marc Bekoff, Joan Roughgarden, and Micchio Kaku, you were generous enough to consider my ideas and give advice and encouragement when I needed it most. I also want to thank my friends who read this book as examples of my target audience and gave me very helpful feedback regarding the tone, coverage, and detail. Lisa, Angela, and Oscar, I highly appreciate the effort you took to read the early drafts of this and the feedback you gave. You substantially helped me shape this book. I also want to acknowledge the support of the John Jay College Office for the Advancement of Research.
I also had two outstanding editors who gave this book the critical eye it needed and substantially improved my writing in the process. Heather Falconer, your input early on helped me understand what it really means to write a book. The project would not have gotten out of the gate without your help. Tara VanTimmeren, this book would be a poorly organized, sloppily written, second-rate manuscript of interest to no one without your skilled work on it. (That last sentence is an example of how crappy my sentences are without your help.) Wendy Lochner from Columbia University Press has also been a fantastic acquisitions editor. Always patient and candid in the face of my relentless nagging and navet, she held my hand through this harrowing gauntlet of academic publishing.
And the biggest thanks goes to the students Ive had the pleasure to learn with at John Jay College. Im always embarrassed to be called your professor because I learn far more from you than you do from me. I have too many favorites to mention, but those that have pushed back the frontiers of science in my research lab deserve special mention because of all theyve had to put up with from me. Kate, Zuley, Richard, Michael L., Abhi, Szilvia, Tamykah, Tetyana, Andrea, Rob, Andre, Derek, Stephania, Ana, James, Bridgit, Michael W., and Donovan: you inspire me daily. Now get out there and make me famous.
W HEN WE DISCUSS the emotions, behavioral drives, and even thoughts of humans and other animals, we are inevitably caught in the complex web of the relationship between the brain and the body. Our outward behavior is the result of how our emotions, drives, and reasoning move us to act. Although all animals are born with genetically directed tendencies toward certain urges, desires, and emotional reactions, those drives and emotions gradually take shape as our brains and bodies interact with our environment, first in utero, then in childhood, and up through adulthood. Particularly with humans, we also develop the ability to reason and this, too, affects our decision making and ultimately our behaviorthe way that our brain moves our body to act.
For both animals and humans, the brain is at the root of behavior, integrating all the various inputs and selecting and organizing all the outputs. It is not, however, a simple input-output system. It operates within the parameters of its capability, of course, and does so according to certain genetic programming, but it is also guided by the imprints of past experience. Day after day, our behavior is the result of complicated interactions of a staggering array of factors, including personality, past experience, and genetics.
The thesis of this book is that underneath even our most complex behaviors are some rather simple, genetically encoded predispositions that we share with many other animals. This is not to say that human behavior can be reduced to simple urges, but rather that much of it is situated atop some basic behavioral scaffolding that is shared with most other social animals. This behavioral scaffolding is tweaked in unique ways across species and even among individuals within a species, but some general trends reveal some common tendencies.
In this book, I discuss experiments that have revealed features of animal behavior that are strikingly similar to human behavior. These similarities, as far as I can tell, can only be explained by acknowledging that human and animal brains run some of the same behavioral programs. Some see all of this complex animal behavior and conclude that the inner experience of animals must be much more involved than we tend to appreciate. An equally important conclusion is that many seemingly bizarre and counterintuitive human behaviors can be understood by analyzing the underlying pursuits and desires, which may actually be rather simple. The complexity of the human brain may be a smoke screen, clouding the simplicity underneath. Either way, the point here is that the gulf between humans and other animals is not as wide as common wisdom has traditionally held.
Even if we view animals as mindless automatons, like robot bodies controlled by computer brains, still, a computer must run programs. The thesis of this book is that the suite of programs that underlies animal behavior is remarkably similar to that which underlies human behavior. It could be that human behavior seems more complex because of one key difference: our abilities in advanced reasoning, which we all agree exceed those of other animals. This advanced reasoning adds another layer of input into our behavior as we contemplate decisions and their consequences. Nevertheless, it is my contention, and that of many other scientists who study human and animal behavior, that the underlying behavioral programs of humans and animals are quite similar.
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