Miall Lawrence - Paediatrics at a Glance

To our children: Charlie, Mollie and Rosie, Aaron and Becca, Edward and Daniel and our spouses: Domini, Michael and Kathy and all the patients who have taught us so much over the years.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Miall, Lawrence, author. | Rudolf, Mary, author. | Smith, Dominic, 1970- , author.

Title: Paediatrics at a glance / Lawrence Miall, Mary Rudolf, Dominic Smith.

Other titles: At a glance series (Oxford, England)

Description: Fourth edition. | Chicester, West Sussex ; Ames, Iowa : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Series: At a glance series | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015047744 (print) | LCCN 2015048187 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118947838 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781118947821 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118947807 (epub)

Subjects: | MESH: Pediatricsmethods | Handbooks

Classification: LCC RJ61 (print) | LCC RJ61 (ebook) | NLM WS 39 | DDC

618.92\emdash dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015047744

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Cover image: TrevOC/gettyimages

What is the use of a book, thought Alice, without pictures or conversations? Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland.

Paediatric medicine requires an understanding of developing anatomy, physiology and psychology as well as a holistic family-orientated approach. There are a wide range of professional challenges: from the technical aspects of intensive care to the ethical and sociological questions relating to issues of autonomy, independence and children's rights. The paediatric environment is very different to the world of adult medicine. This can all be daunting to those who are new to the specialty, but developing the skills and confidence in successfully managing these challenges can enable professionals to make significant differences to the lives of children and families. This makes paediatric medicine amongst the most rewarding of all the medical specialties.

In preparing the fourth edition, we have updated the text to reflect changes in understanding of childhood illness over the last 5 years. The new edition includes advances in genetics, screening and therapy of childhood illness. Multiple choice questions to test and expand on knowledge from the text are included on the companion website. Video clips highlighting clinical signs and examination techniques are available on the companion website.

Children have complex needs that require medical staff to work together with other professionals in child health, psychology, education and social care. There is increasing recognition of the need for all health professionals to have a good understanding of their role in safeguarding vulnerable people. New chapters have been added to expand on psychological issues and ethics in child health. There is a new chapter on Palliative Care, which is an emerging area in the specialty.

We hope that this edition will continue to educate and inspire students and trainees in taking the first steps towards an understanding of children, their illnesses, their resilience in the face of adversity and amazing capacity for recovery. It is a book with many pictures to aid the introduction and revision of the key topics. We hope this will help as students begin their all-important conversations with young patients.

Lawrence Miall
Mary Rudolf
Dominic Smith
Leeds, United Kingdom
February 2016

We would like to acknowledge Dr Tim Lee, Dr Adam Glaser, Dr Michael Harari, Dr Claire Wensley and Dr Jemma Cleminson for their contributions to chapters.

AABRautomated auditory brainstem responseACTHadrenocorticotropic hormoneADDattention deficit disorderADHanti-diuretic hormoneADPKDautosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseaseAFPalpha-fetoproteinAIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromeALLacute lymphoblastic leukaemiaALTalanine transaminaseALTEacute life-threatening eventAMLacute myeloid leukaemiaANAantinuclear antibodyAPTTactivated partial thromboplastin timeARPKDautosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseaseASDatrial septal defectASOTantistreptolysin O titreAVPUalert, voice, pain, unresponsiveAVSDatrioventricular septal defectAXRabdominal radiographAZTzidovudine (azidothymidine)BCGbacille CalmetteGurinBMIbody mass indexBPblood pressureBSERbrainstem evoked responsesCDHcongenital dislocation of the hipCFcystic fibrosisCFTRcystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatorCFUcolony-forming unitCHARGEcoloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomaliesCHDcongenital heart diseaseCMVcytomegalovirusCNScentral nervous systemCONIcare of the next infantCPAPcontinuous positive airway pressureCPRcardiopulmonary resuscitationCRPC-reactive proteinCRTcapillary refill timeCSFcerebrospinal fluidCSIIcontinuous subcutaneous insulin infusionCTcomputed tomographyCXRchest radiographDDHdevelopmental dysplasia of the hipDICdisseminated intravascular coagulationDIDMOADdiabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafnessDKAdiabetic ketoacidosisDMdiabetes mellitusDMDDuchenne muscular dystrophyDMSAdimercaptosuccinic acidDTPAdiethylenetriamine penta-acetateEBVEpsteinBarr virusECGelectrocardiogramEDDexpected due dateEEGelectroencephalogramENTear, nose and throatESRerythrocyte sedimentation rateFBCfull blood countFDPfibrin degradation productFSGSfocal segment glomerulosclerosisFTTfailure to thriveG6PDglucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenaseGCSGlasgow Coma ScaleGHgrowth hormoneGIgastrointestinalGORgastro-oesophageal refluxGPgeneral practitionerGTTglucose tolerance testHAARThighly active antiretroviral therapyHbhaemoglobinHbFfetal haemoglobinHbSsickle-cell haemoglobinHIEhypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathyHIVhuman immunodeficiency virusHPLChigh-performance liquid chromatographyHSPHenochSchnlein purpuraHSVherpes simplex virusHUShaemolytic uraemic syndromeICPintracranial pressureIgimmunoglobulinIMintramuscularINRinternational normalized ratioIOintraosseousIRTimmunoreactive trypsinITPidiopathic thrombocytopenic purpuraIUGRintrauterine growth retardationIVintravenousIVCinferior vena cavaIVFin vitro fertilizationIVHintraventricular haemorrhageIVUintravenous urogramJCAjuvenile chronic arthritisLFTliver function testLIPlymphocytic interstitial pneumonitisLMNlower motor neuronLPlumbar punctureMag-3radioisotope technetium 99mTc mertiatideMCADmedium-chain acyl-carnitine deficiencyMCGNminimal change glomerulonephritisMCHmean cell haemoglobinMCUGmicturating cystourethrogramMCVmean cell volumeMDImetered dose inhalerMLDmild learning difficultyMMRmeasles, mumps, rubellaMRImagnetic resonance imagingMUACmid-upper arm circumferenceNECnecrotizing enterocolitisNFneurofibromatosisNHLnon-Hodgkin's lymphomaNICUneonatal intensive care unitNPAnasopharyngeal aspirateNSAIDnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugOAEotoacoustic emissionsOFCoccipitofrontal circumferenceORSoral rehydration solutionNext page