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Vishnusharman - The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom

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Book:
The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom
Author:
Vishnusharman
Publisher:
New York University Press
Genre:
Books / Children
City:
New York
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Table of Contents

Guide

First Edition 2006 .

The Clay Sanskrit Library is co-published by
New York University Press
and the JJC Foundation.

Further information about this volume
and the rest of the Clay Sanskrit Library
is available on the following websites:
www.claysanskritlibrary.com
www.nyupress.org
ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-6208-0
ISBN-10: 0-8147-6208-5

Artwork by Robert Beer.
Typeset in Adobe Garamond at 10.25 : 12.3 + pt.
Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd,
Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper.
Bound by Hunter & Foulis, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Visnusarman
[Pancatantra. English & Sanskrit]
The five discourses on worldly wisdom / by Visnusarman ;
translated by Patrick Olivelle. st ed.
p. cm. (The Clay Sanskrit library)
In English and Sanskrit (romanized) on facing pages;
includes translations from Sanskrit.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN- 13: 978-0-8147-6208-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN- 10: 0-8147-6208-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
.Fables, IndicTranslations into English.
I. Title: Five discourses on worldly wisdom.
II. Olivelle, Patrick. III. Panchatantra. IV. Title. V. Series.
PK 3798 .VP 3613 2006
891.2 dc 22 2006005181

CONTENTS

Story 3.1.1 How the Battling Rams Killed the Greedy
Jackal

Story How the Louse Got Killed Trying to be Nice
to a Bug

Story How the Lions Servants Got the Camel
Killed

Story 8.2 The Fate of Three Fish: Farsighted,
Quick-witted, and Inevitable

Story 10.1 How the Mongooses Ate the Herons
Chicks

Story 1.1 The Woman Who Traded Sesame
for Sesame

Story 1.1.1 How the Greedy Jackal Died Eating
a Bowstring

B ook III O n W ar and P eace :
the C rows and the O wls

Story 2.2 Partridge and Hare Take Their Case to
the Cat

Story How the Unfaithful Wife Tricked Her
Foolish Husband

Story Frogs Go for a Ride on the Back of
a Snake

A sandhi grid is printed on the inside of the back cover

Vowels:

Gutturals:

Palatals:

Retroflex:

Dentals:

Labials:

Semivowels:

Spirants:

guide to sanskrit pronunciation

b u t

f a ther

s i t

f ee

p u t

b oo

vocalic r , American p ur dy
or English p re tty

lengthened r

vocalic l , ab le

m a de, esp. in Welsh pro
nunciation

b i te

r o pe, esp. Welsh pronun
ciation; Italian s o lo

s ou nd

anusvara nasalizes the pre
ceding vowel

visarga , a voiceless aspira-
tion (resembling English
h ), or like Scottish lo ch , or
an aspiration with a faint
echoing of the preceding

vowel so that taih is pro
nounced taih i

lu ck

blo ckh ead

g o

bi gh ead

a n ger

ch ill

mat chh ead

j og

aspirated j , he dgeh og

ca ny on

retroflex t , t ry (with the
tip of tongue turned up
to touch the hard palate)

same as the preceding but
aspirated

retroflex d (with the tip
of tongue turned up to
touch the hard palate)

same as the preceding but
aspirated

retroflex n (with the tip

of tongue turned up to
touch the hard palate)

French t out

ten t h ook

d inner

guil dh all

n ow

p ill

u ph eaval

b efore

a bh orrent

m ind

y es

trilled, resembling the Ita
lian pronunciation of r

l inger

w ord

sh ore

retroflex sh (with the tip
of the tongue turned up
to touch the hard palate)

hi ss

h ood

csl punctuation of english

The acute accent on Sanskrit words when they occur outside of the Sanskrit text itself, marks stress, e.g. Ramayana. It is not part of traditional Sanskrit orthography, transliteration or transcription, but we supply it here to guide readers in the pronunciation of these unfamiliar words. Since no Sanskrit word is accented on the last syllable it is not necessary to accent disyllables, e.g. Rama.

The second CSL innovation designed to assist the reader in the pronunciation of lengthy unfamiliar words is to insert an unobtrusive middle dot between semantic word breaks in compound names (provided the word break does not fall on a vowel resulting from the fusion of two vowels), e.g. Mahabharata, but Ramayana (not Ramaayana). Our dot echoes the punctuating middle dot () found in the oldest surviving forms of written Indic, the Ashokan inscriptions of the third century bce .

The deep layering of Sanskrit narrative has also dictated that we use quotation marks only to announce the beginning and end of every direct speech, and not at the beginning of every paragraph.

An asterisk (*) in the body of the text marks the word or passage being annotated.

csl punctuation of sanskrit

The Sanskrit text is also punctuated, in accordance with the punctuation of the English translation. In mid-verse, the punctuation will not alter the sandhi or the scansion. Proper names are capitalized. Most Sanskrit metres have four feet (pada): where possible we print the common sloka metre on two lines. In the Sanskrit text, we use French Guillemets (e.g. kva samcicirsuh? ) instead of English quotation marks (e.g. Where are you off to?) to avoid confusion with the apostrophes used for vowel elision in sandhi .

Sanskrit presents the learner with a challenge: sandhi (euphonic combination). Sandhi means that when two words are joined in connected speech or writing (which in Sanskrit reflects speech), the last letter (or even letters) of the first word often changes; compare the way we pronounce the in the beginning and the end.

In Sanskrit the first letter of the second word may also change; and if both the last letter of the first word and the first letter of the second are vowels, they may fuse. This has a parallel in English: a nasal consonant is inserted between two vowels that would otherwise coalesce: a pear and an apple. Sanskrit vowel fusion may produce ambiguity. The chart at the back of each book gives the full sandhi system.

Fortunately it is not necessary to know these changes in order to start reading Sanskrit. For that, what is important is to know the form of the second word without sandhi (pre- sandhi ), so that it can be recognized or looked up in a dictionary. Therefore we are printing Sanskrit with a system of punctuation that will indicate, unambiguously, the original form of the second word, i.e., the form without sandhi . Such sandhi mostly concerns the fusion of two vowels.

In Sanskrit, vowels may be short or long and are written differently accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no mark above it is short. Other books mark a long vowel either with a bar called a macron ( a ) or with a circumflex ( a ). Our system uses the macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex to indicate that originally the vowel was short, or the shorter of two possibilities ( e rather than ai , o rather than au ).

When we print initial a , before sandhi that vowel was a

, before sandhi there was a vowel a

further help with vowel sandhi

When a final short vowel ( a , i or u ) has merged into a following vowel, we print at the end of the word, and when a final long vowel ( a , i or u ) has merged into a following vowel we print at the end of the word. The vast majority of these cases will concern a final a or a .

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