Giovanni Leone - Mars: A Volcanic World
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- Book:Mars: A Volcanic World
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- Year:2021
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This book is a comprehensive advancement about the understanding of the volcanology of Mars in all its aspects, from its primary formation to its evolution in time, from the smaller structures to the bigger structures. It discusses the implications of volcanism in the general environmental and geological context of Mars. The book is validating the Southern Giant Impact Hypothesis explaining the formation of Mars in an interdisciplinary approach, including mineralogical, geochemical, volcanological as well as geomorphological information. Implications for future explorations in terms of resources are provided. This book serves as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate level to foster new basic research in the field of planetary volcanology and is a new guide for future missions toward a volcanic world, including new detailed information for the general audience who is always keen to know more about the history of Mars and its large volcanoes. The book also presents an updated situation about the water resources of the planet.
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book was born from the need to tell a realistic story after more than two decades of one-way narrative depicting Mars as a fluvial world in which liquid water was present and active on its surface.
Although there are people who today still believe in this story, it is the duty of science to make a rigorous clarity about the real situation of the Red Planet because the word belief does not belong to science but rather to religion. Many people, although acknowledging that Mars is today an arid and cold world, still assess that was a fluvial world in the past claiming different environmental conditions. Available data returned by many missions, both orbiters and landers, have been interpreted in a way that supports such a narrative all over the past 20 years.
However, those same data have also been interpreted without any preconfectioned narrative to show that Mars in reality is a volcanic world and that liquid water was never able to run on the surface of the planet. This was clear since the first Mariner mission put its eyes on the planet but that reality was too hard to accept for people who have hoped to find liquid water out there for so long time.
The large volcanoes appearing in all their majesty in the first images did not leave any space to imagination, Mars immediately appeared as a volcanic world. The lack of water and the tenuous atmosphere, largely composed of CO2, also showed an inhospitable world that would have been quite hard to colonize.
Today a new paradigm is possible and must be pursued. Yes, Mars is not the world that many people expected it was but still we can make a good deal with it. We can explore it to test new technologies that will be useful on Earth and on other worlds. We can see if there are valuable minerals that one day will be inexorably depleted on Earth. We can learn how to develop our activities in a situation of scarcity or absence of water. And much more.
But, first, lets see how Mars was since the beginning.
The history of the studies of Mars shows how controversy always existed between two main parties: one in favour and one against the existence of liquid water on the surface of the planet. Such a controversy could be understood in past time when the absence of better data than today could not support one party or the other. Today, after the wealth of existing data showing how dry is the planet sounds rather incredible that such a controversy still exists. This chapter shows why existing data do not support the reasons of the pro-water party and why volcanism takes the main role in shaping the Red Planet.
Schiaparelli map of Mars. Public domain
The first mission to Mars was the Soviet 1 M launched the 10th of October 1960, just 5 years later than the official beginning of the Space Race between the U.S.S.R and the U.S.A. in August 1955. This mission was followed by other four Soviet (1 M-2, 2MV-4, Mars 1 or 2MV-4 nr. 2, 2MV-3) and one US (Mariner 3) launch and spacecraft failures until that US Mariner 4 reached Mars for a first successful flyby on July 15th, 1965. The first results of the Mariner 4 were 22 photographs successfully sent to Earth with which was possible to draw a first Schiaparelli-Antoniadi style map and, most remarkably, the inference that the thin atmosphere of Mars and the scarcity of water characterized the planet since its formation []. The Mariner 9 mission to Mars essentially confirmed what was already seen with all the previous Mariner missions.
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