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Phillip E Pack Ph.D. - CliffsNotes AP Biology 2021 Exam

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Phillip E Pack Ph.D. CliffsNotes AP Biology 2021 Exam
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CliffsNotes AP Biology 2021 Exam gives you exactly what you need to score a 5 on the exam: concise chapter reviews on every AP Biology subject, in-depth laboratory investigations, and full-length model practice exams to prepare you for the May 2021 exam.
Revised to even better reflect the new AP Biology exam, this test-prep guide includes updated content tailored to the May 2021 exam.
Features of the guide focus on what AP Biology test-takers need to score high on the exam:
  • Reviews of all subject areas
  • In-depth coverage of the all-important laboratory investigations
  • Two full-length model practice AP Biology exams
Every review chapter includes review questions and answers to pinpoint problem areas.

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Expanded Contents
Chapter 1: An Overview of the AP Biology Exam

How You Should Use This Book
What to Bring to the Exam
Exam Format
Exam Grading
Whats on the Exam
Strategies for Multiple-Choice Questions
Strategies for Grid-In Questions
Strategies for Free-Response Questions
Taking the Practice Exams

PART I: SUBJECT AREA REVIEWS WITH REVIEWQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Chapter 2: Chemistry

Review
Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and BondsProperties of Water
Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Chemical Reactions in Metabolic ProcessesReview Questions
Answers and Explanations

Chapter 3: Cells

Review
Structure and Function of the CellProkaryotes and EukaryotesMovement of Substances

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 4: Cellular Respiration

Review
Energy Basics
Generating ATP

Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Mitochondria.
Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria
How Many ATP?
Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic Acid FermentationReview Questions
Answers and Explanations

Chapter 5: Photosynthesis

Review
Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationCyclic Photophosphorylation.Calvin Cycle
Chloroplasts.

Chemiosmosis in ChloroplastsPhotorespiration
Capturing Free Energy without Light

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 6: Cell Communication

Review
Signal Transduction PathwaysGated Ion Receptors
G Protein-Coupled ReceptorsProtein Kinase ReceptorsIntracellular Receptors

Disease and Cancer
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations

Chapter 7: Cell Division

Review
Mitosis and CytokinesisMitosis
Cytokinesis

Meiosis
Mitosis versus MeiosisGenetic Variation
Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 8: Heredity

Review
Complete Dominance, Monohybrid CrossComplete Dominance, Dihybrid CrossTest Crosses
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Inheritance
Linked Genes
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked InheritanceX-Inactivation
Nondisjunction
Human Genetic Disorders
Environmental Influences on Phenotypic ExpressionNon-Nuclear Inheritance

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 9: Molecular Biology

Review
Early Experiments
DNA Replication

Replication of Telomeres
DNA Repair
Protein Synthesis

Transcription
mRNA Processing
Translation

Mutations
Viruses
Prokaryotes
Regulation of Gene Expression
Biotechnology

DNA Cloning
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Gel Electrophoresis and DNA FingerprintingConcerns About Biotechnology

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 10: Evolution

Review
Evidence for Evolution
Natural Selection
Sources of Variation
Causes of Changes in Allele FrequenciesGenetic (Hardy-Weinberg) EquilibriumSpeciation
Maintaining Reproductive IsolationPatterns of Evolution
Microevolution vs MacroevolutionThe Origin of Life

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 11: Biological Diversity

Review
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 12: Plants

Review
Gas Exchange in Plants
Control of Stomata
Transport in Plants
Fruit Ripening
Plant Responses to Abiotic StimuliPhotoperiodism and FloweringPlant Responses to Biotic Stimuli

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 13: Animal Form and Function
Review
The Nervous System

The Brain
The Immune System
The Endocrine System
Thermoregulation
The Respiratory System
The Circulatory System
The Excretory System
The Digestive System
The Muscular System

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 14: Animal Reproduction and Development

Review
Characteristics That Distinguish the Sexes
Gametogenesis in Humans
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Factors That Influence Embryonic DevelopmentMechanisms That Control Gene Expression

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 15: Animal Behavior

Review
Kinds of Animal BehaviorGeneral Animal BehaviorsAnimal Movement
Animal Rhythms
Communication in AnimalsForaging Behaviors
Social Behavior

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 16: Ecology

Review
Population Ecology
Human Population Growth
Community Ecology
Coevolution
Ecological Succession
The Flow of Energy in EcosystemsSpecies Diversity and Trophic InteractionsBiogeochemical Cycles
Human Impact on Ecosystems

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
PART II: LABORATORY REVIEW
Chapter 17: Review of Laboratory Investigations

Review
Summary of AP Biology Laboratory InvestigationsGraphing and Interpreting Data
Designing an Experiment
Statistical Analyses
Investigation 1: Artificial Selection
Part I: Artificial Selection of a Trait
Part II: Further Investigation of a Trait

Investigation 2: Modeling Evolution
Part I: A Mathematical Model for Evolution
Part II: Generate What If Scenarios

Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences
Part I: Using BLAST to Find Evolutionary RelationshipsPart II: Additional Investigations Using BLAST

Investigation 4: Diffusion and Osmosis
Part I: Cell Surface Area
Part II: Diffusion and Osmosis
Part III: Observing Osmosis in a Living Cell

Investigation 5: Photosynthesis
Part I: Determining the Rate of Photosynthesis
Part II: Investigating Factors That Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis

Investigation 6: Cellular Respiration
Part I: Determining the Rate of Respiration
Part II: Investigating Factors That Affect the Rate of Respiration

Investigation 7: Mitosis and Meiosis
Part I: Modeling Mitosis
Part II: Evaluating an Environmental Effect on MitosisPart III: Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Part IV: Modeling Meiosis
Part V: Crossing Over in Meiosis

Investigation 8: Bacterial Transformation
Part I: Transferring a Plasmid into a Bacterium
Part II: Determine Transformation Efficiency
Part III: Design Your Own Investigation

Investigation 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
Part I: Review Restriction Enzymes
Part II: DNA Mapping
Part III: Separating DNA Fragments

Investigation 10: Energy Dynamics
Part I: Estimating Net Primary Productivity
Part II: Estimating Energy Flow Between Producers and ConsumersPart III: Investigating Additional Energy Flow Questions

Investigation 11: Transpiration
Part I: Density of Stomata
Part II: Factors That Influence Transpiration Rate

Investigation 12: Animal Behavior
Part I: Fruit Fly Response to Light and Gravity
Part II: Fruit Fly Response to Chemicals
Part III: Comparing Fruit Fly Preferences

Investigation 13: Enzyme Catalysis
Part I: Determine a Baseline for Peroxidase Activity
Part II: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Part III: Investigate Other Effects on Enzyme Activity

Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Part III: AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAMS
Equations and Formulas
Chapter 18: Practice Exam 1

Section I
Part A - Multiple-Choice
Part B - Grid-In

Section II
Answer Key for Practice Exam 1
Scoring Your Practice Exam

Section I (Multiple-Choice and Grid-In Questions)Section II (Free-Response Questions)

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