Table of Contents
CliffsNotes
AP Chemistry 2021 Exam
About the Author Angela Woodward Spangenberg has a Master of Science in Chemistry from the University of North Carolina. She is an experienced teacher and tutor who currently works as a research scientist in Austin, Texas. | Editorial Executive Editor: Greg Tubach Senior Editor: Christina Stambaugh Production Editor: Jennifer Freilach Copy Editor: Lynn Northrup Technical Editor: Kelly Rosier Proofreader: Susan Moritz |
CliffsNotes AP Chemistry 2021 Exam
Copyright 2020 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
All rights reserved.
Cover image Shutterstock / Mavrick
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020938457
ISBN: 978-0-358-35353-9 (pbk)
eISBN: 978-0-358-35546-5
v1.0820
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 3 Park Avenue, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10016.
hmhbooks.com
THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.
Trademarks: CliffsNotes, the CliffsNotes logo, Cliffs, CliffsAP, CliffsComplete, CliffsQuickReview, CliffsStudySolver, CliffsTestPrep, CliffsNote-a-Day, cliffsnotes.com, and all related trademarks, logos, and trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and/or its affiliates. AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the following colleagues and contributors to this book: Charles Griste, Ben Shoulders, Alan Campion, Ian Riddington, John Ketcham, Kelly Rosier, and Joy Gilmore. This work, as always, is dedicated to Kyle, Mom, Dad, Eddie, and Billy.
Introduction
Thank you for choosing CliffsNotes AP Chemistry 2021 Exam to assist with your preparation for the 2021 AP Chemistry exam. This study guide is based on the AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description and on the most recent released versions of the AP Chemistry exam; this information is located at https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-chemistry. The intent of this study guide is to provide you with explanations, clarification, and plenty of opportunities for self-assessment so that you can pinpoint your weaknesses and overcome them.
Each practice question in this book was designed specifically to assess a content component of the current course in a way that closely approximates the style of questioning on the latest released versions of the AP Chemistry exam. There is ample coverage of recently introduced topics such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and Coulombs law. On the other hand, colligative properties, organic reaction prediction, and quantum numbers, to name a few, are important and interesting topics, but since they are excluded from the current curriculum, they are also excluded from this guide. An exception has been made for the Nernst equation, which proved to be advantageous to students in recent administrations of the AP Chemistry exam and has made a reappearance on the AP Chemistry Equations and Constants sheet.
Of the resources available to you, no textbook, study guide, website, or YouTube tutorial is as important as your classroom teacher. Your teacher has pursued years of training both in chemistry and in teaching, and has undergone a stringent course audit in order to call the course he or she is teaching AP Chemistry. Your teacher is your greatest ally. He or she has a vested interest in your success because his or her professional accomplishment is intertwined with student achievement. When you feel that there are shortcomings in your understanding, never hesitate to approach your teacher for clarification. You will both be glad that you did.
Whether you are using this book as a supplement throughout your school year or you are picking it up a few weeks or days before the exam, it is my hope that CliffsNotes AP Chemistry 2021 Exam will prove a valuable supplement to your teachers instruction.
Format of the AP Chemistry Exam
The AP Chemistry exam is divided into two sections. Calculators are not permitted on . Throughout the exam, you will have access to the AP Chemistry Equations and Constants sheet. You should familiarize yourself with this list of important equations and constants and refer to it frequently as you study for the exam.
Section Weight | Type of Question | Number of Questions | Recommended Time per Question | Total Time Allowed |
Section I | 50% | Multiple choice | | 1.5 minutes | 90 minutes |
Section II | 50% | Long free response Short free response | | 22 minutes 9 minutes | 105 minutes |
Exams are graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. Most colleges require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to offer a student credit for chemistry or allow the student to skip one or two semesters of introductory chemistry. Check with the chemistry departments at the universities that you will apply to in order to determine whether they award credit for the exam.
The distributions of student scores on recent administrations of the exam are shown below.
Exam Grade | Credit Recommendation | College Grade Equivalent |
| Extremely well qualified | A |
| Well qualified | A, B+, B |
| Qualified | B, C+, C |
| Possibly qualified | Not applicable |
| No recommendation | Not applicable |
Breakdown of the AP Chemistry Exam
The exam is broken down into nine units. Their weighting on the multiple-choice section is shown below, and the practice exams in this study guide have been written to reflect this weighting.