Frank M. White - Fluid Mechanics

Page iii

Ninth Edition

Frank M. White

University of Rhode Island

Henry Xue

California State Polytechnic University

Page iv

FLUID MECHANICS, NINTH EDITION

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10121. Copyright 2021 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions 2016, 2011, and 2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LCR 24 23 22 21 20

ISBN 978-1-260-25831-8 (bound edition)

MHID 1-260-25831-9 (bound edition)

ISBN 978-1-260-44655-5 (loose-leaf edition)

MHID 1-260-44655-7 (loose-leaf edition)

Portfolio Manager: Beth Bettcher

Product Developers: Heather Ervolino and Joan Weber

Senior Marketing Manager: Shannon ODonnell

Content Project Managers: Jane Mohr and Samantha Donisi

Buyer: Susan K. Culbertson

Designer: David W. Hash

Content Licensing Specialist: Lori Hancock

Cover Image: Shutterstock/S. Pytel

Compositor: Aptara, Inc.

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: White, Frank M., author. | Xue, Henry, author. Title: Fluid mechanics / Frank M. White, University of Rhode Island, Henry Xue, California State Polytechnic University. Description: Ninth edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020040689 | ISBN 9781260258318 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781260446555 (spiral bound) | ISBN 9781260446586 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Fluid mechanics. Classification: LCC TA357 .W48 2021 | DDC 620.1/06dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040689

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered

Page v

Frank M. White is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering at the University of Rhode Island. He is a native of Augusta, Georgia, and did his undergraduate studies at Georgia Tech, receiving a B.M.E. degree in 1954. Then he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for an S.M. degree in 1956, returning to Georgia Tech to earn a Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering in 1959. He began teaching aerospace engineering at Georgia Tech in 1957 and moved to the University of Rhode Island in 1964. He retired in January 1998.

At the University of Rhode Island, Frank became interested in oceanographic and coastal flow problems, and in 1966 he helped found the first Department of Ocean Engineering in the United States. His research interests have mainly been in viscous flow and convection heat transfer. Known primarily as a teacher and writer, he received the ASEE Westinghouse Teaching Excellence Award in addition to seven University of Rhode Island teaching awards. His modest research accomplishments include some 80 technical papers and reports, the ASME Lewis F. Moody Research Award in 1973, and the ASME Fluids Engineering Award in 1991. He is a Fellow of the ASME and for 12 years served as editor-in-chief of the ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering. He received a Distinguished Alumnus award from Georgia Tech in 1990 and was elected to the Academy of Distinguished Georgia Tech Alumni in 1994.

In addition to the present text, he has written three undergraduate textbooks: Fluid Mechanics; Heat Transfer; and Heat and Mass Transfer. He has served as a consulting editor of the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology from 1992 until 2006, and on the ASME Publications Committee until 2009. He continues to be inspired by his late wife, Jeanne, and lives in Narragansett, Rhode Island, with his dog Jack and his cat Kerry.

Henry Xue is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at California State Polytechnic University. He received his B.S. degree from Jiangsu University in China, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tokyo in Japan. Prior to joining California State Polytechnic University in 2000, he was on the mechanical engineering faculty of National University of Singapore.

Henry has authored and coauthored many technical papers in computational fluid mechanics and heat transfer in built environments, microscale gaseous flow modeling and simulation using DSMC, and microcombustor and thermophotovoltaic energy systems. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers. He lives with his wife, Sophia, in Irvine, California.

Page vi

To Jeanne

Page vii

1. Preface

1. Chapter 1Introduction

2. 1.1 Preliminary Remarks

3. 1.2 The Concept of a Fluid

4. 1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum

5. 1.4 Dimensions and Units

6. 1.5 System and Control Volume

7. 1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid

8. 1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties

9. 1.8 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines

10. 1.9 Basic Flow Analysis Techniques

11. 1.10 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination

12. 1.11 The History of Fluid Mechanics

13. Summary

14. Problems

15. Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

16. Comprehensive Problems

17. References

1. Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid

2. 2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient

3. 2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element

4. 2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions

5. 2.4 Application to Manometry

6. 2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

7. 2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

8. 2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids

9. 2.8 Buoyancy and Stability

10. 2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion