Rebecca Brown - Safeguarding Babies and Very Young Children from Abuse and Neglect

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Safeguarding Children
Across Services

Safeguarding Babies and
Very Young Children from
Abuse and Neglect

Harriet Ward, Rebecca Brown
and David Westlake

Jessica Kingsley Publishers
London and Philadelphia

First published in 2012
by Jessica Kingsley Publishers
116 Pentonville Road
London N1 9JB, UK
and
400 Market Street, Suite 400
Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA

www.jkp.com

Copyright Harriet Ward, Rebecca Brown and David Westlake 2012

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 610 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Applications for the copyright owners written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher.

Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work may result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 84905 237 5
eISBN 978 0 85700 481 9

Safeguarding Children Across Services
Series editors: Carolyn Davies and Harriet Ward

Safeguarding children from abuse is of paramount importance. This series communicates messages for practice from an extensive government-funded research programme designed to improve early recognition of child abuse as well as service responses and interventions. The series addresses a range of forms of abuse, including emotional and physical abuse and neglect, and outlines strategies for effective interagency collaboration, successful intervention and best practice. Titles in the series will be essential reading for practitioners with responsibility for safeguarding children.

Carolyn Davies is Research Advisor at the Thomas Coram Research Unit at the Institute of Education, University of London.

Harriet Ward is Director of the Centre for Child and Family Research and Research Professor at Loughborough University.

other books in the series

Safeguarding Children Across Services
Messages from Research
Carolyn Davies and Harriet Ward
ISBN 978 1 84905 124 8

Safeguarding Children from Emotional Maltreatment
What Works
Jane Barlow and Anita Schrader McMillan
ISBN 978 1 84905 053 1

Recognizing and Helping the Neglected Child
Evidence-Based Practice for Assessment and Intervention
Brigid Daniel, Julie Taylor and Jane Scott with David Derbyshire and Deanna Neilson
Foreword by Enid Hendry
ISBN 978 1 84905 093 7

Adolescent Neglect
Research, Policy and Practice
Gwyther Rees, Mike Stein, Leslie Hicks and Sarah Gorin
ISBN 978 1 84905 104 0

Caring for Abused and Neglected Children
Making the Right Decisions for Long-Term Care or Reunification
Jim Wade, Nina Biehal, Nicola Farrelly and Ian Sinclair
ISBN 978 1 84905 207 8

Acknowledgements

This book is based on the findings from a study funded by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (now Department for Education). The project has greatly benefited by the wise counsel and expertise of our advisory group: Richard Bartholomew, Sarah Byford, Helen Chambers, Isabella Craig, Carolyn Davies, Elaine Dibben, Jenny Gray, Helen Jones, David Quinton, Marjorie Smith, Caroline Thomas, Matt Walker and Julie Wilkinson. We are very grateful for the time and effort they put into this.

We would also like to thank Emily Munro, who led the early stages of the study, Jenny Blackmore and Doug Lawson for their invaluable work on data collection, and Sharon Slater for her continuing help and support. We would also like to acknowledge the advice and assistance of our colleagues at the Centre for Child and Family Research, in particular Suzanne Dexter and Harriet Lowe for their input to format and produce the final version of the book.

The authors are particularly grateful to the ten local authorities that took part in the study, and all the professionals who found time to participate, despite heavy workloads. We would especially like to thank the birth parents, relatives and carers who allowed us access to information and agreed to be interviewed. We recognize that recounting often difficult and emotional experiences was not easy, and we greatly appreciate their involvement, which has substantially enhanced the value of the research.

Note on Initial Assessments, Core Assessments and Section 47 Enquiries

The procedures to be followed by practitioners and front-line managers who have particular responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children in England and Wales are set out in two volumes of guidance: the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (Department of Health, Department for Education and Employment and the Home Office 2000) and Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government 2010).

Following a referral to childrens social care, the local authority is required to consider whether there are concerns about impairment to the childs health and development or the child suffering harm which justifies an initial assessment to establish whether this child is a child in need (HM Government 2010, para 5.34).

An initial assessment should be completed by local authority childrens social care, working with colleagues, within a maximum of ten working days of the date of referral, to determine whether: the child is in need; there is reasonable cause to suspect the child is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm; the services and types of services required, and whether a further, more detailed core assessment should be undertaken (HM Government 2010, para 5.38).

Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 places on local authorities a duty to make enquiries when they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or likely to suffer, significant harm. The core assessment is the means by which a section 47 enquiry is carried out and should be completed within 35 working days. In these circumstances the objective of the local authoritys involvement is to determine whether and what type of action is required to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child (HM Government 2010, para 5.38).

A core assessment is defined as an in-depth assessment which addresses the central or most important aspects of the childs needs. There are several junctures at which a core assessment may start, depending on the childs circumstances, and the existence of child protection concerns is not a pre-requisite. Over a third (40%) of core assessments are not related to section 47 enquiries (Department for Education 2011a).

Both initial and core assessments should be undertaken in accordance with the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (Department of Health et al. 2000), and information should be gathered and analysed within the three domains of: the childs developmental needs; the parents or caregivers capacity to respond appropriately to those needs; and the wider family and environmental factors (HM Government 2010, paras 5.39, 5.62).

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