First published in 1953 by the International African Institute. Reprinted (unrevised) with supplementary bibliography 1969.
This edition first published in 2017
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1953, 1969 International African Institute
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ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF AFRICA
EDITED BY DARYLL FORDE
East Central Africa
PART VIII
The Southern Nilo-Hamites
BY
G. W. B. HUNTINGFORD
LONDON
INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN INSTITUTE
1969
T HE preparation and publication of the Ethnographic Survey of Africa began in 1945. Proposals for a survey of this kind had been considered by the Council of the Institute before the war and a memorandum setting out the contributions that an authoritative series of concise and comprehensive ethnographic studies could make in connection with the prospects for development, education and research in Africa was presented on behalf of the Institute to the British Colonial Office in 1944. Grants from the British Colonial Development and Welfare Fund allocated on the recommendation of the British Colonial Social Science Council in 1945 made it possible to initiate this work. A committee set up under the Chairmanship of Professor Radcliffe-Brown considered the detailed proposals for its scope and organisation which had been prepared by the Director who undertook to direct and edit the Survey. It endorsed the main objective, namely to provide in readily comprehensible form an outline of available knowledge concerning the peoples of Africa in a series of short systematic studies of the location, environment, economy, crafts, social systems, political organisation and religious beliefs of each people or group of related peoples. Publication was planned in a continuing series of separate Parts to be grouped within broad regions, each of which would conform to a general scheme of coverage envisaged for the Survey as a whole and would include a comprehensive bibliography and an ethnographic map. The generous collaboration of a number of research institutions and of officials in Europe and in Africa was secured as well as the services of senior anthropologists who were good enough to supervise and amplify the drafts.
While the available published sources have usually provided the basis for the Survey, authors have in many cases been able to use unpublished reports and records in government files and in the archives of missionary societies as well as field notes and special communications from anthropologists and others which have been generously made available. Increasingly, as the work of the Survey has progressed, it has been possible to obtain contributions from field workers who have been recently engaged in research among the peoples concerned. Such volumes have accordingly provided a first short account of the results of new studies.
In addition to the initial British grants, which have been subsequently continued by the Department of Technical Co-operation and the Ministry of Overseas Development, contributions towards the preparation and publication of volumes relating to Francophone Africa were generously made by the governments of Afrique Occidentale Franaise, the Cameroons and Afrique Equatorial Franaise through the good offices of the Ministre de la France dOutre Mer and the Institut Franaise de lAfrique Noire. The late Professor M. Griaule, Professor Th. Monod, Mme. G. Dieterlen and Professor H. Deschamps have greatly assisted the Survey in securing the services and guiding the work of the French ethnologists who have contributed these volumes.
The Commission dEthnologie of the Institut Royal Colonial Beige and the Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique en Afrique Centrale, which were established after the war, cooperated in the preparation of the earlier Parts relating to the Congo at the Centre de Documentation of the Muse du Congo Beige, under the direction of Professor Olbrechts and Mile. Boone. The Institute is indebted to the Museum for its continued collaboration in the publication of further parts in association with their series of Monographies Ethnographiques.
Over fifty Parts of the Survey have so far been published, but considerable areas and a number of important peoples remain to be covered. Meanwhile the first editions of the earlier Parts have in many cases gone out of print. Since it has often been difficult to arrange for revised editions which would incorporate more recent research, they have sometimes been reprinted without change, with the addition of supplementary biblographies, as a record of the earlier ethnographic information on the people described and provide a background for subsequent studies.
A list of sections already published will be found on pp. 154-6,
Note to 1969 Reprint
The text of this section of the Survey is an unchanged reprint of that of 1953. We are grateful to Dr. G. W. B. Huntingford for providing a supplementary bibliography of major sources down to 1968.
D ARYLL F ORDE ,
Director ,
International African Institute
The sources from which a survey of the Nilo-Hamites of Kenya and Tanganyika Territory can be compiled go back, with a few exceptions, to the beginning of the present century. To the 19th century, however, belong a few notable works like those of the missionaries Krapf (1854) and Erhardt (1857), and the travellers Fischer (1885), Thomson (1885), Harry Johnston (1886), and von Hhnel (1894). The first detailed tribal monographs come early in this century, beginning with those of Hollis on the Masai (1905) and the Nandi (1909), followed by Merker on the Masai (1910), Beech on the Suk (1911), Dempwolff on the Sandawe (1916), and Peristiany on the Kipsikis (1939). A large number of papers and a few books published up to 1953 have added to our knowledge, if not always in as much detail as one would have wished. These have been freely drawn upon, and our thanks are due to all of them.
